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Human Embryology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

3 parts of the nervous system

A

Central, peripheral, autonomic

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2
Q

Nervous system parts

A

Central, peripheral, autonomic

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3
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system, includes the bran and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system, includes neurons outside the CNS and cranial and spinal nerves that connect the bran and spinal cord with peripheral structures

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5
Q

ANS

A

Autonomic nervous system, includes parts in both the CNS & PNS and consists of neurons that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular epithelium

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6
Q

What does the neural tube differentiate into

A

CNS

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7
Q

Origin of the nervous system

A

Develpoes from the neural plate, notochord and paraxial mesenchyme induce the overlying ectoderm to differentiate the neural plate

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8
Q

Nervous system signalling molecules

A

TGFB famly, SHH, BMPs

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9
Q

Prmary bran vescles

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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10
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain

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11
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Mid brain

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12
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hind brain

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13
Q

Secondary brain vesicles

A

Telecephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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14
Q

Adult derivatives of secondary brain vesicles

A

Cerebrum, thalami, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla

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15
Q

Cervical flexure

A

demarcates the hindbrain from the spinal cord

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16
Q

Pontine flexure

A

divides the hindbrain into caudal and rostral

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17
Q

Medulla regions

A

caudal closed and rostral open

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18
Q

What occurs when the myelencephalon migrate into the marginal zone

A

Isolated areas of grey matter are formed - gracile nuclei and cuneate nuclei

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19
Q

What do the neuroblasts of the alar plate form

A

Discrete nuclei

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20
Q

Four columns of neuroblasts in the alar plate

A

Medial - Lateral:

General visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, general somatic afferent, special somatic afferent

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21
Q

General somatic afferent

A

Receives impulses from the surface of the head

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22
Q

Special somatic afferent

A

Receives impulses from the ear

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23
Q

General visceral afferent

A

Receives impulses from the viscera

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24
Q

Special visceral afferent

A

Receives taste fibres

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25
Three columns of neuroblasts in the basal plates
Medial - Lateral: | General somatic efferent, special visceral efferent, general visceral efferent
26
General somatic efferent
Represented by neutrons of the hypoglossal nerve
27
Special visceral efferent
Represented by neutrons inner sting muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches
28
General visceral efferent
Represented by some neurons of the vagus and glosses - pharyngeal nerves
29
Pia matter
Covers the thin ependymal roof of the fourth ventricle
30
Tela Choroidea
Formed b the pia matter and teh ependymal roof of the fourth ventricle
31
Why does the tela choroidea invaginate
Rapid proliferation of the pia matter
32
Choroid plexus derivative
Vascular fluid, which becomes CSF
33
Superior and inferior colliculi
Formed by the neuroblasts of the alar plate, involved in visual and auditory reflexes
34
Cerebral penduncles
Ventral aspect of the nuclei formed by the neuroblasts of the basal plate, They’re fibre tracts from the cerebrum
35
Neural canal derivative (mesencephalon)
Cerebral aqueduct
36
Neural canal derivative (diencephalon)
Third ventricle
37
Where does the pituitary gland develop from
Hypophysial diverticulum and neurohypophysial diverticulum
38
Cerebral vesicles
Bubble-like outgrowths of the cranial forebrain, become the left and right cerebral hemispheres
39
Neural Canal derivative (telencephalon)
Lateral ventricles
40
Cerebral cortex
Formed by the migration of cells of the intermediate layer to the marginal layer
41
Neurulation
Formation of the tube and plate, begins in week 3
42
Microepithelial cell derivatives
Neuroblasts, glioblasts, ependymal cells
43
3 layers of neural tube wall
Inner ventricular, intermediate, outer marginal
44
Ventricular layer
Hosts ependymal cells
45
Intermediate layer
Hosts neuroblasts and glioblasts
46
Marginal zone
Outer part of neural, also glial zones
47
What does the spinal cord develop from
Neural tube caudal to the fourth pair of somites
48
When does the central canal appear
9/10 weeks
49
Sulcus limitans
Separates side walls into dorsal alar plates and ventral basal plates
50
Alar plate derivative
Horns of grey matter
51
Marginal layer derivative
White matter
52
What are the unipolar neurons in spinal ganglia derived from
Neural crest cells
53
Basal plate derivatives
Lateral and ventral horns of grey matter
54
Are basal efferent or afferent
Efferent
55
Are alar efferent or afferent
Afferent
56
What do the axons in neurons in the ventral horn become
Form the ventral roots of spinal nerves
57
Dorsal primary rami
Innervate the limbs, vertebral joints, and the skin of the back
58
Ventral primary rami
Innervate the libs and ventral body wall
59
Spinal nerve division
Divides into the dorsal and ventral primary rami
60
Primordial meninx
Formed from the mesenchymal surrounding the neural tube
61
Dura matter
Thickened external layer of the spinal meninx
62
Pia-arachnoid
Inner layer of the spinal meninx, composed of pia matter and arachnoid matter, derived from neural crest cells
63
Cerebrospinal fluid
Begins to form in week 5 from vascular fluid
64
Why does the spinal cord change position
The vertebral column grows more rapidly than the spinal cord
65
Positional changes of the spinal cord
Spinal cord moves to progressively higher levels within the vertebral column, ends at L1 in adults
66
Myelination of nerve fibres
Begins in late fetal period and continues during first year after birth
67
Schwann cells
From neural crest cells, form myelin in PNS
68
Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin in CNS
69
When do tracts become functional
Upon myelination

Human Embryology (9 decks)

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