Cardiovascular System: Diseases, Conditions, and Procedures

Question 1

aneurysm

Answer 1

localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

Question 2

angina

Answer 2

chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary artery

Question 3

arrhythmia

Answer 3

(also called dysrhythmia)
irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart

Question 4

bradycardia

Answer 4

slow heart rate
(usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult)

Question 5

fibrillation

Answer 5

rapid, irregular contraction of the myocardium that can affect the atria or ventricles

Question 6

tachycardia

Answer 6

rapid heart rate
(possibly beating up to 200 beats per minute)

Question 7

what are the common types of arrhythmia?

Answer 7

1- bradycardia
2- fibrillation
3- heart block
4- tachycardia

Question 8

bruit

Answer 8

(also called murmur)
soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated with valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both

Question 9

cardiomyopathy

Answer 9

disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

Question 10

coarctation

Answer 10

narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

Question 11

embolism

Answer 11

intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area

Question 12

heart failure (HF)

Answer 12

disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of the blood required by the body

Question 13

hyperlipidemia

Answer 13

excessive amounts of lipids in the blood

Question 14

hypertension (HTN)

Answer 14

elevated blood pressure
(higher than 140/90 mmHg)

Question 15

hypotension

Answer 15

low blood pressure
(lower than 90/60 mmHg)

Question 16

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Answer 16

displacement of the mitral valve

Question 17

palpitation

Answer 17

sensation of an irregular heartbeat

Question 18

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Answer 18

a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs

Question 19

phlebitis

Answer 19

inflammation of a vein

Question 20

syncope

Answer 20

(also called fainting)
partial or complete loss of consciousness caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain

Question 21

thrombosis

Answer 21

abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it

Question 22

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 22

(also called deep venous thrombosis)
blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs

Question 23

electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)

Answer 23

the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart

Question 24

Holter monitor test

Answer 24

(also called event monitor test)
procedure that uses a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over 24- to 48-hour period

Question 25

stress test

Answer 25

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions to show abnormalities that may not appear during an ECG when a patient is resting

Question 26

cardiac biomarkers

Answer 26

*(also called cardiac enzyme test)* blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress

Question 27

lipid panel

Answer 27

series of blood tests used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

Question 28

angiography

Answer 28

procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after the injection of a contrast material

Question 29

aortography

Answer 29

angiography of the aorta and its branches after the injection of a contrast medium

Question 30

coronary angiography

Answer 30

angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the coronary arteries

Question 31

carotid artery US

Answer 31

ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries

Question 32

echocardiography (ECHO)

Answer 32

ultrasound test that produces moving images of the heart

Question 33

myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

Answer 33

noninvasive imaging test to show how well blood flows through the heart muscle at rest and during exercise

Question 34

cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 34

specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart

Question 35

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

Answer 35

type of MRI that provides detailed images of blood vessels

Question 36

cardiac catheterization (CC)

Answer 36

passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

Question 37

angioplasty

Answer 37

endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow

Question 38

cardiac ablation

Answer 38

procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems

Question 39

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Answer 39

placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

Question 40

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

Answer 40

*(also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD))* small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia

Question 41

open heart surgery

Answer 41

surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries

Question 42

pacemaker insertion

Answer 42

implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm

Question 43

defibrillation

Answer 43

lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart

Question 44

cardioversion

Answer 44

defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern

Question 45

antiarrhythmics

Answer 45

a medicine that prevents and corrects cardiac arrhythmias