Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Cardiovascular System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Exam 2) Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the most common type of birth defect?

A

congenital heart defects (DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some risk factors for congenital heart defects?

A

heredity
genetic disorders (DOWN SYNDROME)
fetal substance exposure
maternal health status (obesity, diabetes, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name 4 manifestations of congenital heart defects (8 total)

A

• HEART FAILURE
• heart murmurs
• dyspnea
• tachypnea
• cyanosis
• fatigue
• chest pain/discomfort
• difficulty gaining weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is pericarditis and what are some possible causes?

A

inflammation of the pericardium by viral infection, thoracic trauma, myocardial infarction, TB, malignancy, and autoimmune disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can pericarditis cause?

A

pericardial effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

fluid accumulates in space between pericardial sac and heart, where swollen tissue creates friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

life-threatening cardiac compression from fluid accumulation (pleural effusion)

COMPLICATION OF PERICARDITIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 4 manifestations of cardiac tamponade

A

• falling arterial pressures
• rising venous pressures
• narrowing pulse pressure
• muffled heart sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is constrictive pericarditis?

A

loss of elasticity from chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 4 manifestations of constrictive pericarditis (7 total)

A

• pericardial friction rub (grating sound)
• sharp, sudden and severe chest pain that increases with DEEP RESPIRATIONS and decreases when SITTING UP/LEANING FORWARD
• dyspnea
• tachycardia
• palpitations
• edema
• flulike symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is infective endocarditis (bacterial endocarditis) and what is it commonly caused by?

A

infection of the endocardium and heart valves

STREPTOCOCCUS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In infective endocarditis, thrombi form that travel (emboli), causing…?

A

microemboli and microhemorhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 4 manifestations of infective endocarditis (7 total)

A

• flulike symptoms
• embolization (blockage of blood flow)
• new onset heart murmur
• petechiae (small brown spots on skin from bleeding)
• splinter hemorrhages under nails
• hematuria (RBCs in urine)
• oslers nodes
• edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some risk factors regarding infective endocarditis?

A

IV drug use
valvular disorder
prosthetic heart valves/implanted devices
rheumatic heart disease
aortic coarctation
congenital heart defect
Marfan syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name 3 life threatening complications of infective endocarditis

A

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
STROKE
PULMONARY EMBOLISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is myocarditis?

A

uncommon and poorly understood inflammation of the myocardium by organisms, blood cells, toxins, and immune systems that damage the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name 4 complications of infective myocarditis

A

HEART FAILURE
CARDIOMYOPATHY
DYSRHYTHMIAS
THROMBUS FORMATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name 6 manifestations of infective myocarditis (12 total)

A

• flulike symptoms
• dyspnea
• dysrhythmia
• palpitations
• tachycardia
• heart murmurs
• chest discomfort
• cardiomegaly
• pale and cool extremities
• syncope
• decreased urine output
• joint pain and swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are valvular disorders and what can they lead to?

A

includes stenosis and regurgitation of one or more heart valves

LEADS TO DISRUPTION OF BLOOD FLOW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is valve stenosis and what does it do?

A

NARROWING; less blood can flow through the valve

DECREASES CARDIAC OUTPUT, INCREASES WORKLOAD, CAUSES HYPERTROPHY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is atresia?

A

failure to open valve, MAY ACCOMPANY STENOSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is valve regurgitation and what does it do?

A

INSUFFICIENT CLOSURE; bidirectional blood flow

DECREASES CARDIAC OUTPUT, INCREASES WORKLOAD, CAUSES HYPERTROPHY AND DILATION OF VENTRICLES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some causes of valvular disorders?

A

congenital defects
infective endocarditis
rheumatic fever
myocardial infarction
cardiomyopathy
heart failure

MANIFESTATIONS MAY VARY BUT REFLECT CHANGED CARDIAC FLOW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

acquired or inherited conditions that weaken and enlarge myocardium; disease that makes it harder to pump blood

CAN LEAD TO HEART FAILURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the 3 main types of cardiomyopathy?
DILATED HYPERTROPHIC RESTRICTIVE
26
What is dilated cardiomyopathy?
MOST COMMON; cardiomegaly and ventricular dilation damage myocardium muscle fibers, causing decreased CO and blood stagnation RISK HIGHER IN BLACK MEN AND OLDER FOLKS
27
What are some causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?
chemotherapy alcoholism cocaine abuse pregnancy infection thyrotoxicosis diabetes mellitus neuromuscular disease hypertension coronary artery disease medication hypersensitivity
28
Name 6 manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathy (11 total)
• breathing changes and nonproductive cough • fatigue • dysrhythmias, cardiac pain • dizziness, activity intolerance • abnormal lung sounds • peripheral edema • ascites, hepatomegaly • weak pedal pulse • cool/pale extremities • poor capillary refill • jugular vein distention
29
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
ventricle wall becomes stiff and unable to relax; MAINLY AFFECTS SYSTOLIC FUNCTION IN MEN AND SEDENTARY PEOPLE
30
What are some risk factors for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
hypertension obstructive valvular disease thyroid disease dominant genes
31
Name 4 manifestations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (8 total)
• dyspnea/intolerance on exertion • fatigue • syncope • orthopnea • angina • dysrhythmias • left ventricular failure • myocardial infarction
32
What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?
rigidity of ventricles affects diastolic function with a poor prognosis
33
What are some causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
amyloidosis hemochromatosis radiation connective tissue diseases myocardial infarction sarcoidosis cardiac neoplasms
34
Name 5 manifestations of restrictive cardiomyopathy (9 total)
• fatigue • breathing and lung changes • angina • hepatomegaly • jugular vein distention • ascites • murmurs • peripheral cyanosis • pallor
35
Dysrhythmias affect what 2 things?
CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO) AND BP
36
What are some causes of dysrhythmias?
acid-base imbalance hypoxia congenital heart defects connective tissue disorders degeneration of conductive tissue drug toxicity electrolyte imbalance stress myocardial hypertrophy ischemia infarction
37
What is preload?
volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
38
What are some conditions that have higher preload?
HYPERVOLEMIA REGURGITATION OF HEART VALVES HEART FAILURE
39
What is afterload?
resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood HIGHER AFTERLOAD=HIGHER CARDIAC WORKLOAD
40
What are some conditions where afterload is higher?
HYPERTENSION VASOCONSTRICTION
41
What is heart failure (congestive heart failure CHF) caused by?
inadequate pumping that leads to decreased CO and increased preload/afterload CONGENITAL DEFECTS MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION VALVULAR DISEASE DYSRHYTHMIAS THYROID DISEASE
42
What is systolic dysfunction (heart failure)?
decreased contractility; ventricles can’t pump hard enough during systole
43
What is diastolic dysfunction (heart failure)?
decreased filling; not enough blood fills ventricles during diastole
44
What is mixed dysfunction (heart failure)?
decreased contractility and filling (both systolic and diastolic)
45
Describe left sided heart failure
CO falls; blood backs up to pulmonary circulation which causes congestion, dyspnea and activity intolerance
46
What are some causes of left sided heart failure?
left ventricular infarction hypertension aortic or mitral valve stenosis
47
Describe right sided heart failure
blood backs up to peripheral circulation, causing edema and weight gain
48
What are some causes of right sided heart failure?
pulmonary disease left sided failure pulmonic or tricuspid valve stenosis
49
Regarding heart failure, what do the manifestations depend on?
type and severity (graded I-IV) but appear as compensatory mechanisms fail
50
What causes aneurysms?
caused by weakening of an artery
51
What are some risk factors of aneurysms?
congenital defect atherosclerosis hypertension dyslipidemia diabetes mellitus tobacco use age trauma infection
52
True aneurysms affect…
all 3 vessel layers
53
What is a saccular aneurysm?
bulge on the side (asymmetrical)
54
What is a fusiform aneurysm?
affects entire circumference (symmetrical)
55
What is a dissecting aneurysm?
occurs in inner layers, NOT TRUE ANEURYSM
56
What are some manifestations of aneurysms?
DEPEND ON LOCATION/SIZE; PULSATING MASS, PAIN, RESPIRATORY DIFFICULTY AND NEUROLOGIC ISSUES
57
What is dyslipidemia and what are 3 things that classification is based on?
high levels of lipids in the blood, which increases risk for chronic disease CLASSIFIED BASED ON DENSITY, TRIGLYCERIDES (low density), AND PROTEIN (high density)
58
Low density lipoproteins (LDL’s)
bad cholesterol
59
High density lipoproteins (HDL’s)
good cholesterol; helps remove LDLs from blood
60
Dyslipidemia is ASYMPTOMATIC UNTIL…
it causes other diseases and complications
61
What is atherosclerosis?
chronic inflammatory disease triggered by vessel wall injury and characterized by thickening lesions calcifying on arterial wall LEADS TO PLATELET AGGREGATION AND VASOCONSTRICTION
62
What are some complications of atherosclerosis?
peripheral vascular disease coronary artery disease thrombi hypertension stroke ASYMPTOMATIC UNTIL COMPLICATIONS DEVELOP
63
What is peripheral vascular disease?
narrowing of the peripheral vessels commonly atherosclerosis in arteries CAN ALSO BE CAUSED BY THROMBUS, INFLAMMATION OR VASOSPASM
64
What is thromboangitis obliterans (buerger disease)?
chronic inflammation of the arteries; may lead to thrombosis and eventual occlusion of small arteries in extremities MOST COMMON IN MALES 20-40 WHO SMOKE
65
What is Raynaud phenomenon?
vasospasms of the arteries r/t sympathetic stimulation, associated with autoimmune conditions like lupus MOST COMMON IN WOMEN 18-30; MAY LEAD TO ISCHEMIA
66
What is coronary artery disease?
narrowing or blockage of the arteries supplies the myocardium, occasionally caused by atherosclerosis (or vasospasm, cardiomyopathy, thrombi occlusion) obstructive, nonobstructive, coronary microvascular MOST COMMON HEART DISEASE, LEADING CAUSE OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
67
What are some nonmodifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease?
MALES OVER 45 AND WOMEN OVER 55; premature menopause family history (first degree male relatives)
68
What are some modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease?
tobacco use obesity physical inactivity stress diabetes mellitus hyperlipidemia hypertension
69
What is obstructive CAD?
plaque accumulates in large arteries causing narrowing and decreased blood supply to myocardium; artery is occluded by more than 50% and blood flow could become completely occluded
70
What is Nonobstructive CAD?
large arteries occluded LESS than 50%; caused by damage to lining of coronary arteries that impact the ability to vasodilate in response to increased myocardial O2 demand
71
What is coronary microvascular disease?
arteries don’t respond to signals to vasodilate with increased myocardial O2 demands; affects the smallest arteries of the myocardium
72
What are some causes of coronary microvascular disease?
molecular changes in small vessels as you age damage (inflammation, diabetes, hypertension)
73
What is stable angina?
chest pain caused by ischemia that is initiated by increased O2 demand and relieved with decreased demand at rest
74
What is unstable angina?
chest pain that becomes unpredictable, occurs at rest or increases in frequency and intensity PREINFARCTION STATE
75
Name 5 manifestations of coronary artery disease (CAD) (9 total)
• angina that may radiate to neck, jaw, arm, or back • indigestion like sensation • nausea and vomiting • cold, clammy extremities • diaphoresis • dyspnea • fatigue • weakness • sleep disturbances
76
What is a thrombus?
blood clot that forms anywhere in the circulatory system VENOUS THROMBI MORE COMMON DUE TO LOWER PRESSURE AGAINST GRAVITY
77
What are 3 conditions that promote thrombus formation?
endothelial injury sluggish blood flow hypercoagulability
78
What is an emboli?
portion or all of a thrombus breaks loose, travels to circulatory system and embeds in a smaller vessel can also be air, fat, bacteria, amniotic fluid, tumor cells, foreign substances
79
Right side of the heart origin for emboli
venous circulation that travels first to pulmonary circulation, creating pulmonary embolism
80
Left side of the heart origin for emboli
arterial circulation and travel to other organs such as brain or heart, causing infarction
81
What is pulmonary embolism?
when thrombus originates elsewhere and disrupts blood flow in the pulmonary artery or its branches
82
What are varicose veins?
dilated, engorged veins r/t improper venous valve formation caused by increased venous pressure and blood pooling CAN CAUSE DECREASED CIRCULATION, VENOUS STASIS ULCERS, AND NECROSIS
83
What are risk factors for varicose veins?
genetic predisposition pregnancy obesity prolonged sitting or standing alcohol use and liver disorders (esophageal varices) constipation (hemorrhoids)
84
Name 6 manifestations of varicose veins
• irregular purplish, bulging veins • pedal edema • fatigue • aching in the legs • shiny, hairless pigmented skin on legs and feet • skin ulcers
85
What is lymph edema?
unusual swelling in extremities r/t lymph obstruction; unilateral or bilateral STAGING SYSTEM FOR SEVERITY
86
What are some causes for lymph edema?
RARE AND CAUSED BY CONGENITAL ABSENCE OR DECREASE IN NUMBER OF LYMPHATICS surgical removal (mastectomy) scarring by radiation occlusion related to tumors obstruction related to infection injury/trauma
87
Name 4 manifestations of lymphedema
• edema and skin changes • hyperpigmentation • ulceration • “elephant skin”
88
What is a myocardial infarction (acute coronary syndrome)?
HEART ATTACK death of the myocardium from sudden blockage of coronary blood flow, cannot meet body’s O2 demand, cells die leading to necrosis ineffective tissue perfusion r/t ATHEROSCLEROSIS, THROMBUS, VASOSPASM
89
What are some risk factors for myocardial infarction?
dyslipidemia diabetes mellitus hypertension stress tobacco use
90
Name 6 manifestations of myocardial infarction (12 total)
• unstable angina • fatigue • nausea and vomiting • coughing, shortness of breath • diaphoresis • indigestion • elevation in cardiac biomarkers • dysrhythmias • anxiety • syncope • dizziness • sleep disturbance
91
Hypertension creates…
excessive cardiac workload due to vasoconstriction, INCREASING AFTERLOAD decreased renal blood flow activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT CONDITIONS IN THE US
92
What are some risk factors for hypertension?
age ethnicity (AA) history weight inactivity tobacco use high sodium diet low K, Ca, Mg diet high vitamin D intake alcohol stress
93
Primary hypertension
MOST COMMON (95% of adult cases), DEVELOPS GRADUALLY OVER TIME WITH NO IDENTIFIABLE CAUSE
94
Secondary hypertension
more sudden and severe caused by: renal disease, diabetes, adrenal gland tumors, certain meds, illicit drug use (cocaine,etc.)
95
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
preeclampsia that may lead to eclampsia (seizures)
96
Malignant hypertension (hypertensive crisis)
INTENSE AND NONRESPONSIVE TO INTERVENTIONS BP AT LEAST 180/120 AND SYMPTOMATIC

Pathology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions