Skin and Sensory (Final) Flashcards

Question

Infectious Integumentary Disorders

Answer 1

skin infections are common organisms gain access through breach in skin or mucous membranes which triggers inflammation **can occur in any skin layer or structure, may be acute or chronic, severity varies, resolves with treatment**

Answer 2

can be caused by any of the normal flora, mild to life threatening staphylococcus and streptococcus genera are common culprits

Answer 3

bacterial infection involving hair folllicles **tender, swollen areas that form around hair follicles often on neck, boobs, butt and face**

Answer 4

bacterial infection beginning in hair follicles and then spread into surrounding dermis; most common on face, neck, axilla, groin, butt, back **starts as a firm, red painful nodule that develops into a large painful mass which frequently drains large amounts of purulent exudate**

Answer 5

a cluster of furuncles

Answer 6

common and highly contagious bacterial infection; can spread throughout body through self transfer of exudate can occur without apparent skin breach but typically arises from break in skin **typically caused by staphylococci, which produce a toxin that attacks collagen and promotes spread**

Answer 7

lesions usually begin as small vesicles that enlarge and rupture, forming characteristic honey colored crust pruritus lymphadenopathy

Answer 8

bacterial infection that occurs deep in the dermis and subQ tissue; **appears as a swollen, warm and tender area of erythema** usually results from direct invasion of pathogens through break in skin especially where contamination is likely or spreads from existing infection

Answer 9

**M:** indicators of infections (*fever, leukocytosis, malaise, arthralgia** **C:** necrotizing fasciitis, septicemia, septic shock

Answer 10

a rare but serious bacterial infection that can aggressively destroy skin, fat, muscle and other tissue **typically results from highly virulent strain of gram-positive, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus that invades through a minor cut or scrape; *bacteria release toxins that directly destroy tissue, disrupt blood flow and break down tissue***

Answer 11

first sign may be a small, reddish painful area that quickly evolves into a painful bronze or purple colored patch center of lesion may become black and necrotic with exudate wound may grow in less than an hour

Answer 12

**M:** fever, tachycardia, hypotension, confusion **C:** gangrene, multi system organ failure, shock

Answer 13

typically affects lips, mouth and face beginning in childhood; can involve the eyes leading to conjunctivitis can result in meningoencephalitis transmitted by contact with infected saliva, primary infection may be asymptomatic

Answer 14

1. after primary infection, virus remains dormant in sensory nerve ganglion to the trigeminal nerve until is is reactivated 2. reactivation may result from infection, stress, immunosuppression, or sun exposure (*painful blisters or ulcerations that are preceded by burning or tingling sensation*) 3. lesions may resolves spontaneously within 3 weeks, but healing can be accelerated with the administration of oral or topical antiviral agents

Answer 15

varicella-zoster virus, appears in adulthood years after a primary infection of varicella in childhood **virus lies dormant on a cranial/spinal nerve dermatome until activated years later; virus affects this nerve only giving the condition its typical unilateral manifestations**

Answer 16

pain paresthesia red/silvery vesicular rash that develops in along over the area innervated by affected nerve (*nose sit of the head or torso*) extremely sensitive skin pruritus **rash may persist for weeks to months**

Answer 17

neuralgia blindness **vaccines are available to prevent both varicella and herpes zoster**

Answer 18

RNA virus enters bloodstream through respiratory route; mild in most children

Answer 19

enlarged cervical and postauricular lymph nodes low grade fever headache sore throat runny nose cough faint pink to red maculopapular rash caused by virus dissemination to the skin

Answer 20

highly contagious acute viral disease of childhood (*droplet transmission*) no symptoms in incubation period (7-12 days)

Answer 21

high fever malaise enlarged lymph nodes runny nose conjunctivitis barking cough rash that develops over head and spreads distally over the trunk, extremities, hands and feet characteristic pinpoint white spots (**Koplik**) found over buccal mucosa

Answer 22

herpesvirus 6 or 7 infection; 6 months to 2 yrs of age *intubation of 5-15 days followed by sudden onset of fever that lasts 3-5 days* **after fever, erythematous macular rash that lasts about 24 hrs (usually doesn’t require treatment)**

Answer 23

parasitic infection that causes several types of superficial fungal infections typically manifests as a **circular, erythematous rash accompanied by pruritus and burning**

Answer 24

the scalp; common in school aged children hair loss at site is common

Answer 25

involving the body

Answer 26

involving the feet especially the toes

Answer 27

involving the nails, typically the toenails *begins at the tip of one or more nails and then usually spread to other nails* **turns nails white and then brown causing them to thicken and crack**

Answer 28

result of mite infestation male mites fertilize the females then die, female mites burrow into epidermis laying eggs over a period of several weeks through series of tracts and die after that

Answer 29

1. larvae hatch from eggs and migrate to skin surface 2. larvae burrow in search of nutrients and mature to repeat cycle 3. burrowing appears as small, light brown streaks on skin 4. burrowing and fecal matter left by the mites triggers the inflammatory process, leading to erythema and pruritus **transmission of close contact**

Answer 30

small brown insects that feed off human blood females lay nits on hair shaft close to scalp (*appear as white, small, iridescent shells on hair*) after hatching, the life bite and suck on blood bite size develops as highly pruritic macule or papule CLOSE CONTACT!!

Answer 31

most frequent cancer in the US; more prevalent in *males, whites, fair complexion, family history* early detection is crucial

Answer 32

most common; develops from abnormal growth of cells in lowest layer of epidermis rarely metastasizes

Answer 33

involves changes in the squamous cells found in the middle layer of epidermis

Answer 34

melanocytes; least common type but most serious often metastasizes

Answer 35

ABCD (larger than 6 mm) any skin growth that bleeds or will not heal any skin growth that changes in appearance over time

Answer 36

caused by viruses (most common), bacteria (staphylococcus, gonorrhea, chlamydia), allergens (pollen, dust), chemical irritants, trauma **can generate edema, pain, blurry vision, photophobia**

Answer 37

viral: **watery, mucus like exudate** bacterial: **yellow-green exudate** HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS THROUGH DIRECT CONTACT

Answer 38

wearing contact lenses contaminated makeup ophthalmic meds **allergens and irritants typically produce redness, itching and excessive tearing**

Answer 39

infection of middle ear; common in young children due to eustachian tubes being narrower, straighter and shorter and an immature immune system begins as viral upper respiratory infection; more common in winter **fluid collection from viral infection provides prime medium for secondary bacterial growth, usually streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenza**

Answer 40

childcare in group settings feeding infants in supine position environmental smoke exposure pacifier use orofacial deformities history of allergic rhinitis **fluid accumulation in middle ear due to adenoid enlargement, usually due to inflammation**

Answer 41

effusions rupture of tympanic membrane scar tissue formation conductive hearing loss mastoiditis cholesteatoma meningitis osteomyelitis

Answer 42

ear pain crying or irritability rubbing or pulling at ear mild hearing deficits sleep disturbances red and bulging tympanic membrane indications of infection purulent or clear exudate from external ear canal (if tympanic membrane ruptures) n/v diarrhea headache

Answer 43

group of eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve; *caused by increased intraocular pressure and decreased blood flow to the optic nerve* **pressures inside the eye can climb when the outflow of aqueous humor becomes blocked or production of aqueous humor increased to an abnormal level (*increased pressures cause ischemia and degeneration of the optic nerve*)** SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF BLINDNESS (diabetic retinopathy is #1)

Answer 44

most common type; intraocular pressure may increase gradually over an extended period of *RISK FACTORS: FAMILY HISTORY AND AA** **because vision changes are gradual, can be overlooked or misdiagnosed as presbyopia**

Answer 45

painless, insidious, bilateral changes in vision (*tunnel vision, blurred vision, halos around lights, decreased color discrimination*) loss of peripheral vision (tunnel vision) patients describe vision as looking through a straw or curtains are closing

Answer 46

result of a sudden blockage of aqueous humor outflow; can be acute, subacute or chronic and typically unilateral **without treatment, acute and narrow angle glaucoma can cause blindness**

Answer 47

traum, sudden pupil dilation (*exposure to bright light after prolonged darkness*) prolonged pupil dilation (*meds for eye exams*) emotional stress

Answer 48

**usually sudden and worsening quickly** sudden and severe eye pain headache n/v nonreactive pupil redness haziness of cornea vision changes (*halos around lights*)

Answer 49

opacity or clouding of the lens; can occur as a congenital condition or develop later on may affects one or both eyes and doesn’t always affect eyes symmetrically

Answer 50

family history advancing age smoking UV light exposure (*natural or artificial*) metabolic conditions (*diabetes mellitus*) certain meds (*corticosteroids*) eye injury

Answer 51

cloudy, fuzzy, foggy or filmy vision color intensity loss diplopia impaired night vision gradually progressing to impaired day vision halos around lights photosensitivity frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescriptions

Answer 52

deterioration of the macular area of the retina caused by impaired blood supply to the macula that results in cellular waste accumulation and ischemia

Answer 53

**ADVANCING AGE** family history being female and white smoking increased UV light exposure decreased carotenoid intake high fat diet cardiovascular disease hypertension obesity

Answer 54

DRY FORM: **blurry vision with loss of central vision** WET FORM: **distortion of straight lines, dark spots in central vision, sudden loss of central vision**

Answer 55

disorder of the inner ear that results from endolymph swelling which stretches the membranes and interferes with the hair receptors in the cochlea and vestibule peak incidence is 20-50 years

Answer 56

**cause is unknown but mag be metabolic disturbances, hormonal imbalances, autoimmune, head injuries, otitis media, syphilis** allergic rhinitis alcohol abuse stress fatigue certain meds (*aspirin*) respiratory infections

Answer 57

attacks typically occur in waves of acute episodes that last several months followed by brief periods of relief (**triggered by changes in barometric pressure; includes intermittent episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, unilateral hearing loss, and a sensation of fullness**) n/v diarrhea headache uncontrollable eye movement **C: PERMANENT HEARING LOSS**

Answer 58

acute condition that occurs when retina separates from supporting structures **as vitreous humor collects underneath, the retina peels away from the underlying choroid; these detached areas may expand over time and the retina becomes ischemic and stops functioning causing vision loss**

Answer 59

1. vitreous humor leaks through retinal tear and accumulates underneath retina 2. leakage can also occur through tiny holes where the retina has thinned due to aging or other retinal disorders 3. less commonly, fluid can leak directly underneath retina without a tear or break

Answer 60

spontaneous severe nearsightedness trauma diabetes mellitus inflammation degenerative aging changes scar tissue

Answer 61

typically painless flashes of light in peripheral visual field blurred vision floaters darkening vision (*like curtain drawing across a visual field*)

Answer 62

hearing abnormal noises in the ear may be described as a ringing, buzzing, humming, whistling, roaring or blowing

Answer 63

presbycusis exposure to excessive noise cerumen impaction otosclerosis ménière’s disease stress head injury acoustic neuroma atherosclerosis hypertension carotid stenosis arteriovenous malformation caffeine ototoxic meds (*many antibiotics, aspirin, chemo, diuretics*)

Answer 64

illusion of motion; NOT THE SAME AS DIZZINESS n/v

Answer 65

there is a problem with vestibular labyrinth, semicircular canals or vestibular nerve

Answer 66

certain meds (*amino-glycoside antibiotics*) head injuries ménière’s disease nerve compression infections inflammation

Answer 67

there is a problem in the brain (brain stem or cerebellum)

Answer 68

arteriosclerosis certain meds (*anti seizure agents and aspirin*) alcohol migraines MS seizures

Skin and Sensory (Final) Flashcards

(92 cards)