Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Module 2 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Module 2 (Exam 1) Flashcards

Fluid-Electrolyte, Acid-Base Disorders and Endocrine Function (147 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

ICF (Intracellular fluid)

A

• 40% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Interstitial fluid (ISF)

A

ECF; fluid between the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intravascular fluid (IVF)

A

ECF; fluid inside the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

TSF (transcellular fluid)

A

ECF; CSF, pleural and pericardial cavities, joint spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Osmolarity

A

solute concentration (osmosis and diffusion, hydrostatic (BP-push) and osmotic (pull, regulated by albumin) pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tonicity

A

osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower solute concentrations, fluids shift into intracellular space (fat cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypertonic

A

higher solute concentrations, fluids shift from ICF to IVF, cell shrinkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sensible fluid losses

A

urine, feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Insensible fluid losses

A

sweat, respirations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thirst mechanism

A

triggered in hypothalamus by decreased blood volume and higher osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A

released from pituitary, promotes reabsorption of water in kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aldosterone

A

increases reabsorption of sodium and water in the renal tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

stimulates renal vasodilation and suppresses aldosterone, which increases urinary output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Edema (fluid excess)

A

interstitial space, issue with distribution (not always fluid excess); BP> osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anasarca

A

generalized edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypervolemia

A

• excess fluid in the intravascular space
• excessive sodium/water intake and insufficient losses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Water intoxication

A

excess fluid in intracellular space, may lead to lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fluid Excess Causes: Excessive Na/H2O (high sodium…)

A

• high-sodium diet
• polydipsia (excessive thirst)
• hypertonic fluid administration
• free water
• enteral feedings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fluid Excess Causes: Inadequate H2O/Na Elimination

A

• hyperaldosteronism
• Cushings syndrome
• inappropriate ADH
• renal, liver, heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fluid Excess Manifestations

A

•edema/anasarca/weight gain
•dyspnea
•bounding pulse, tachycardia, hypertension
•polyuria
•jugular vein distention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypovolemia

A

decreased fluid in intravascular space, can occur w/o electrolyte defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fluid Deficit

A

can lead to increase of blood solute levels, cell shrinkage, and hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fluid Deficit Causes: Excessive Fluid/Na Losses

A

• GI issues
• excessive diaphoresis
• prolonged hyperventilation
• hemorrhage
• diabetes
•burns/open wounds
• diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Fluid Deficit Manifestations
• thirst • dry mucous membranes • decreased skin turgor • weight loss • hypotension, tachycardia, weak pulse • flat jugular • oliguria
26
Electrolytes: Sodium (Na) (135-145 mEq/L)
ECF; neurological function (sodium potassium pump); regulates fluid volume; reabsorbed by kidneys • controls serum osmolarity and water balance • excreted through kidneys and GI
27
Electrolytes: Potassium (K) (3.5-5 mEq/L)
ICF; muscle contraction and cardiac conduction; kidneys and GI ELIMINATE • CANT FLUCTUATE MUCH W/O CAUSING SERIOUS ISSUES
28
Electrolytes: Calcium (Ca) (4/5 mEq/L)
bone health, neuromuscular and cardiac function, blood clotting, hormone secretion • inverse relationship with P, synergistic relationship with Mg • absorbed through GI and excreted in waste • regulated by vitamin K, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
29
Electrolytes: Magnesium (Mg)
ICF; bone and cellular functions; alcoholism leads to low levels of
30
Electrolytes: Chloride (Cl) (98-108 mEq/L)
ECF; bound to H2O and Na for fluid distribution, excreted through kidneys
31
Depolarization
Na; increase in membrane potential of cell membrane (cells internal charge becomes more positive)
32
Repolarization
Na; restoration of resting potential (cells internal charge returns to more negative value)
33
Hypernatremia Causes (serum osmolarity increases
• excessive sodium (dietary, IVs, Cushing’s syndrome, corticosteroid use) • deficient water (insufficient intake, prolonged hyperventilation, diuretic use, diabetes insipidus)
34
Hypernatremia Manifestations
• symptoms of dehydration • increased thirst and decreased urine output • restlessness and agitation • lethargy, weakness, headaches • BP changes, tachycardia, weak pulse • edema • hyperchloremia
35
Hyponatremia Causes (serum osmolarity decreases)
• deficient sodium (diuretic use, GI losses, diaphoresis, insufficient aldosterone) • excessive water (IVs, hyperglycemia, renal and heart failure, inappropriate ADH)
36
Hyponatremia Manifestations (anorexia…)
• anorexia • GI upset • dry mucous membranes • muscle weakness • hypocholemia
37
Hyperkalemia Causes
• deficient excretion (renal failure, Addisons disease, Gordon’s syndrome) • excessive intake (supplements, IVs, increased release from cells like acidosis)
38
Hyperkalemia Manifestations
• paresthesia (pins and needles) • muscle weakness/ flaccid paralysis • bradycardia and EKG dysrhythmias (depressed ST segment, long PR interval) • cardiac arrest • respiratory depression • metabolic acidosis • abdominal cramping and diarrhea • hypercholemia • hyponatremia
39
Hypokalemia Causes
• excessive loss (GI loss, Cushing’s syndrome, corticosteroids) • deficient intake (malnutrition, alcoholism) • increased shift into the cell (alkalosis and insulin excess)
40
Hypokalemia Manifestations (hyporeflexia…)
• hyporeflexia • leg cramps • weak pulse • hypotension and EKG dysrhythmias • constipation and ileus • metabolic alkalosis • hypocholemia • hypernatremia
41
Hypercalcemia Causes
•calcium antacids/supplements, cancer, immobilization, corticosteroids, vitamin D DEFICIENCY, hypophosphatemia
42
Hypercalcemia Manifestations
• GI symptoms and constipation • bone pain • kidney stones • polyuria and polydipsia • fatigue, lethargy, confusion
43
Hypocalcemia Causes
• excessive loss (hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, high phosphate levels, alkalosis, pancreatitis, diarrhea • deficient intake (alcoholism, hypoalbuminemia)
44
Hypocalcemia Manifestations
• seizures • tetany • paresthesias • ventricular tachycardia • positive Trousseau/Chvostek sign
45
Trousseau’s sign (hypocalcemia)
occlusion of arterial blood flow elicits carpal spasm
46
Chvostek sign (hypocalcemia)
tapping patients facial nerve prompts facial spasm
47
Electrolytes: Phosphorus (P) (2.5-4.5 mg/dL)
bones; metabolism and membrane formation, excreted through kidneys
48
pH reflects…
hydrogen concentration (the more H, the lower the pH)
49
What systems work together to maintain acid-base balance?
buffers (body fluids), respiratory system, and the renal system
50
Buffers
chemicals that combine with an acid or base to change pH (immediate reaction until compensation is initiated)
51
What are the 4 major buffer systems?
bicarbonate-carbonic (1), phosphate (2), hemoglobin (2), protein (4)
52
What are the roles of K and H in the acid-base balance?
they move interchangeably through cell to balance pH • with extracellular excess, H moves in of cell for buffering so K moves out • K imbalance can lead to pH imbalances
53
Respiratory Regulation
• manages pH by altering CO2 excretion (chemoreceptors) • SPEEDING UP respirations excreted MORE CO2, DECREASING acidity • SLOWING DOWN respirations excreted LESS CO2, INCREASING acidity • responds quickly yet short lived
54
Renal Regulation
• alters excretion/retention of H or bicarbonate • more effective and responds slower, but lasts longer by permanently removing H
55
The respiratory system compensates by…
increasing/decreasing ventilation
56
PaCO2 (35-45 mmHg)
acidic; partial pressure of CO2; indicates the adequacy of pulmonary ventilation
57
The renal system compensates by…
producing acidic or alkaline urine
58
HCO3 (bicarbonate) (22-26 mEq/L)
basic; indicates the activity in kidneys to retain or excrete bicarbonate
59
Causes of Acidosis
• hypoventilation • diabetic/metabolic ketoacidosis (renal failure, shock, sepsis, severe diarrhea)
60
Causes of Alkalosis
• hyperventilation • metabolic alkalosis (loss of gastric juices, overuse of antacids, K wasting diuretics)
61
Metabolic Acidosis Causes
• deficiency of bicarbonate (GI and renal losses) • excess H (tissue hypoxia, ketoacidosis, drugs, renal retention)
62
Metabolic Acidosis Manifestations
• headache • malaise, weakness, fatigue, lethargy • warm and flushed skin • nausea and vomiting • anorexia • hypotension and dysrhythmias • hyperkalemia • Kussmaul respirations (hyperventilation)
63
Metabolic Alkalosis Causes
• excess bicarbonate (excessive antacid use, hypochloremia) • deficient acid (GI and renal loss, hypokalemia, hypovolemia, hyperaldosteronism)
64
Metabolic Alkalosis Manifestations (confusion…)
• confusion • hyperactive reflexes and tetany • parasthesia • seizures and coma • respiratory depression • dysrhythmias (tachycardia)
65
Respiratory Acidosis Causes
• CO2 retention, which increases carbonic acid (hypoventilation or decreased gas exchange)
66
Respiratory acidosis Manifestations
• headache • tremors and muscle twitching • vertigo and disorientation • diaphoresis • lower BP and dysrhythmias (higher K)
67
Respiratory Alkalosis Causes
excess CO2, lower carbonic acid (hyperventilation)
68
Respiratory alkalosis Manifestations
• parasthesia • fainting, dizziness, vertigo • nausea and vomiting • tachycardia and dysrhythmias (lower K) • dry mouth and excessive diaphoresis
69
PaO2
partial pressure of oxygen; indicates serum oxygen concentration
70
Hypothalamic Hormones
• dopamine • TRH • CRH • Somatostatin • GHRH • GnRH
71
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
• prolactin (targets boobs) • TSH (targets thyroid) • ACTH (targets adrenal) • GH (targets liver) • FSH (targets testes and ovaries) • LH (same as FSH)
72
Thyroid gland Hormones
T3, T4
73
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
cortisol
74
Liver Hormones
IGFs
75
Testes/Ovary Hormones
Androgens; estrogen and progesterone
76
Hypopituitarism Causes
occur suddenly but develops slowly • congenital defects • brain trauma or infection, tumors, hypothalamic dysfunction • autoimmune conditions • TB
77
Dwarfism
GH hormone (hypopituitarism); short stature
78
Diabetes Insipidus
ADH (hypopituitarism); excessive fluid excretion in kidneys • diluted urine (low urine specific gravity) • hypernatremia
79
Hypopituitarism Manifestations
• hypoglycemia, vomiting (cortisol) • bradycardia, cold intolerance, constipation (thyroxine) • amenorrhea and micropenis (sex) • short stature (GH) • polyuria, polydipsia, hypernatremia (ADH)
80
Hyperpituitarism Manifestations (headache…)
• headache • vision problems • diaphoresis • sleep apnea • carpal tunnel, join paint and stiffness • parasthesia and muscle weakness
81
Gigantism (hyperpituitarism)
tall stature caused by excessive GH PRIOR to puberty
82
Acromegaly (hyperpituitarism)
increased bone size by excessive GH in adulthood
83
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) (hyperpituitarism)
increased renal water retention caused by excessive ADH • sticky and thick urine (high urine specific gravity) • hyponatremia • nausea, vomiting
84
Hyperprolactinemia (hyperpituitarism)
excessive prolactin that results in menstrual dysfunction and galactorrhea
85
Cushing’s Syndrome (hyperpituitarism)
excessive cortisol from increased ACTH levels
86
Hyperthyroidism (hyperpituitarism)
hypermetabolic state caused by excessive thyroid hormones from increased TSH
87
Diabetes Mellitus
hyperglycemia from defects in insulin production or action, which results in abnormal metabolism because of the glucose transportation issue
88
Diabetes Mellitus Manifestations
• hyperglycemia • glucoseria (glucose in urine) • polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia • weight loss • blurred vision and fatigue
89
Type 1 Diabetes (insulin dependent, juvenile onset)
develops when immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells; children and YA; exact cause unknown CANNOT BE PREVENTED
90
Prediabetes (pancreas)
blood glucose levels higher than normal but not high enough for diagnosis • cells are insulin resistant by adipokines secreted by adipose cells (also secrete inflammatory substances) •glucose levels increase which causes pancreas’s to increase insulin production • hyperglycemia may destroy beta cells •lifestyle can prevent or delay Type 2
91
Type 2 Diabetes (pancreas) (non insulin dependent, adult onset)
• 90-95% of newly diagnosed cases • pancreas gradually loses ability to produce insulin •usually managed with oral meds or supplemental insulin
92
Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors
age, obesity, family history, gestational diabetes history, physical inactivity
93
Gestational Diabetes (pancreas)
• 2nd-3rd trimester, 40-60% chance of developing diabetes within 5-10 years
94
Metabolic Syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome)
cluster of risk factors occurring together • hyperglycemia • high BP • hypercholesterolemia (low HDLs and high triglycerides)
95
Goiter
visible enlargement of the thyroid gland; may affect respiratory and GI
96
Goiter Causes
• cysts • thyroiditis • hyper/hypothyroidism •iodine deficiency
97
Iodine Deficiency
leads to decreased T3 and T4, causes increased TSH production to compensate, which causes thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy
98
Hypothyroidism Causes
hypometabolic state • autoimmune thryoiditis (Hashimotos) • iatrogenic (resulting from medical treatment)
99
Hypothyroidism Manifestations
• fatigue and sluggishness, muscle weakness and pain • cold sensitivity • facial edema • unexplained weight gain and hypercholestemia • hair loss/thinning, brittle nails • bradycardia and hypotension
100
Myxedema
rare and life threatening hypothyroidism usually triggered by infection, trauma, CNS suppressants
101
Myxedema Mainfestations
• hypotension • respiratory depression • hypothermia • lethargy and coma
102
Hyperthyroidism Causes
hypermetabolic state • excessive iodine • Graves’ disease (autoimmune disease that stimulates thyroid hormones) • thyroid inflammation
103
Hyperthyroidism Manifestations
• weight loss • tachycardia and hypertension • increased appetite • sensitivity to heat • tremors and irritability • exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
104
Thyrotoxicosis (thyroid storm)
sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms with infection or stress with fever and abdominal pain
105
Hypoparathyroidism Causes
•congenital defects • damage to glands (surgery, radiation, autoimmune)
106
Hypoparathyroidism Manifestations (parasthesia…)
• parasthesia • tetany • dysrhythmias and hypotension • abdominal cramping and diarrhea • hair loss and dry brittle nails
107
Hyperparathyroidism Causes
• tumors • hyperplasia • chronic hypocalcemia (renal failure) • vitamin D deficiency
108
Hyperparathyroidism Manifestations
• osteoporosis and kidney stones • polyuria • constipation and abdominal pain • weakness and flaccid muscles • dysrhythmias and hypertension • nausea and vomiting • anorexia
109
Pheochromocytoma
rare tumor of the adrenal medulla that excretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
110
Pheochromocytoma Manifestations
• hypertension, tachycardia, bounding pulse • diaphoresis • severe headaches • anxiety and extreme fright, pallor • weight loss
111
Cushing Syndrome (hypercorticolism) Mainfestations
• trunk obesity and moon face, edema • muscle weakness and delayed growth • acne and hursitism • purple striae • thin skin and delayed wound healing • osteoporosis • insulin resistance • hypertension and hypokalemia
112
Addisons disease (hypocorticolism) Manifestations
• hypotension and weight loss • hypoglycemia and salt craving, hyperkalemia • extreme weakness and fatigue • mouth lesions on inside of cheek • chronic diarrhea
113
What is the most abundant buffer system?
bicarbonate system
114
Uncompensated
unpaired result is normal range; one value is normal while the other is not
115
Partially Compensated
all 3 values are abnormal
116
If the pH is basic, and the CO2 and HCO3 is acidic, what alkalosis is it?
respiratory
117
If the pH is acidic, and the CO2 and HCO3 is acidic, what type of acidosis is this?
Metabolic
118
If the pH is acidic, and the CO2 and HCO3 is basic, what type of acidosis is this?
respiratory
119
If the pH is basic, and the CO2 and HCO3 is basic, what type of alkalosis is this?
metabolic
120
FRIED is for…
hypernatremia
121
FRIED stands for…
Fatigue Restlessness Increased BP and fluid retention Edema Dehydration symptoms
122
SALTO is for
HYPOnatremia
123
SALTO stands for…
Seizures Abdominal cramping and confusion Lethargy Tendon reflexes diminished Orthostatic hypotension
124
MURDER is for…
HYPERkalemia
125
MURDER stands for…
Muscle weakness Urine output little/none Respiratory failure Decreased cardiac contractility Early muscle twitches Rhythm changes (tall T, prolonged PR)
126
7 L’s is for..
HYPOkalemia
127
7 L’s are…
Lethargy Low, shallow breaths Lethal cardiac dysrhythmias Lots of urine Leg cramps Limp muscles Low BP
128
“stones, bones, abdominal moans and psychic groans” are for… (2)
HYPERcalcemia and HYPERparathyroidism
129
CATs go numb is for…(2)
HYPOcalcemia and HYPOparathyroidism
130
CATs go numb stands for
Convulsions Arrhythmias Tetany
131
WHLK is for…
metabolic acidosis
132
WHLK stands for..
Weakness and lethargy Hyperkalemia Low BP Kussmaul respirations (hyperventilation)
133
TRHP is for…
metabolic alkalosis
134
TRHP stands for…
Tetany and muscle weakness Respiratory depression (hypoventilation) Hypokalemia Parasthesia
135
HID is for…
respiratory acidosis
136
HID stands for…
Hypoxia and hypotension Increased heart rate Disorientation and confusion
137
THID is for
respiratory alkalosis
138
THID stands for…
Tachypnea Hypocalcemia and hypokalemia Increased heart rate Dizziness and fatigue
139
ADISON stands for…
Aldosterone deficiency Dark spots/hyperpigmentation Irritability Stomach upset Orthostatic hypotension Natremia, hypo and hyperkalemia
140
The 5 P’s are for…
pheochromocytoma
141
The 5 P’s stand for
Pressure (hypertension) Pain (headaches) Perspiration (diaphoresis) Palpitation (tachycardia) Pallor
142
SWEATING is for…
Hyperthyroidism (think wendy williams, graves’ disease)
143
SWEATING stands for…
Sweating Weight loss Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) Appetite increase Tachycardia and tremors Intolerance to heat Nervousness Goiter/GI issues
144
MOMSOTIRED is for…
hypothyroidism
145
MOMSOTIRED stands for…
Memory loss Obesity Muscle weakness Slowness Skin and hair is dry Onset gradual Tired Intolerance to cold
146
SIADH mnemonic
SI “yes” ADH! stop urination sticky and thick urine low sodium
147
Diabetes Insipidus mnemonic
DIE ADH DIluted urine hypernatremia

Pathology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions