Cardiovascular System - Heart as a Pump & Blood Composition

Question 1

what is the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

• transport system that brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and removes waste materials from the tissues
• filters: kidney, skin, digestive system…
• blood is medium of transport

Question 2

location of heart (general/base/apex)

Answer 2

• thoracic cavity and oriented obliquely
• base of heart: directly superiorly, posteriorly, and to the right
• apex of heart: directed inferiorly, anteriorly, and to the left

Question 3

apex beat

Answer 3

can be felt in the 5th intercostal space

Question 4

4 types of inspection

Answer 4

1. inspection
2. palpation
3. percussion
4. auscultation

Question 5

coverings around the heart (2)

Answer 5

1. outer: fibrous pericardium

2. inner: serous pericardium

Question 6

fibrous pericardium

Answer 6

tough, connective tissue layer

Question 7

serous pericardium

Answer 7

• thin, serous membrane

- 2 layers: parietal layer and visceral layer (epicardium)

Question 8

pericardial cavity

Answer 8

• filled with film of serous fluid (pericardial fluid)
• up to 50mL !
• located between the parietal and visceral layers

Question 9

pericardial fluid

Answer 9

• friction free environment to protect heart

Question 10

pericardial effusion

Answer 10

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity

Question 11

cardiac tamponade

Answer 11

compression of the heart by an excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac

Question 12

structure of heart wall (3 layers)

Answer 12

1. epicardium (outer)
2. myocardium
3. endocardium (inner)

Question 13

epicardium

Answer 13

visceral layer of pericardium

Question 14

myocardium (3 layers)

Answer 14

• thick contractile middle layer
• “heart muscle”
• 3 types of cardiac muscle: atrial, ventricular, specialized muscle tissue (coordinates electrical signals)

Question 15

endocardium

Answer 15

• smooth inner lining of the heart surface

- includes heart valves

Question 16

carditis

peri, moo, end

Answer 16

heart + infection

different layers

Question 17

heart chambers

Answer 17

1. right atrium
2. right ventricle
3. left atrium
4. left ventricle (has thicccest myocardium - needs to pump blood all around the body)

Question 18

types of heart valves

Answer 18

1. atrioventricular

2. semilunar

Question 19

atrioventricular valves

Answer 19

mitral

tricuspid

Question 20

semilunar valves

Answer 20

aortic

pulmonary valve

Question 21

Law of Laplace for thin-walled spheres

Answer 21

formula sheeeeet

Question 22

Law of Laplace for thiccc-walled spheres

Answer 22

formula sheet

- development of tension within the walls of the heart produces pressure within the chamber

Question 23

phases of cardiac cycle

Answer 23

• systole (contractile phase of heart muscle)

- diastole (relaxation phase of heart muscle)

Question 24

pathway of blood through heart (also know about systole/diastole in relation)

Answer 24

1. superior and inferior vena cava
2. right atria
3. tricuspid valve
4. right ventricle
5. pulmonary valve
6. pulmonary artery
7. lungs
8. pulmonary veins
9. left atria
10. mitral valve
11. left ventricle
12. aortic valve
13. aorta

Question 25

vessels of blood

Answer 25

vains bring oxygenated blood | arteries take away

Question 26

auscultation and phonocardiogram

Answer 26

auscultation: heart sounds listened to with stethoscope phonocardiogram: heart sounds recorded by microphone and displayed graphically

Question 27

specific heart sounds (2)

Answer 27

- valves are pressure-operated; closure of valves produce sounds: 1. corresponds to closure of tricuspid and mitral valves 2. corresponds to the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

Question 28

heart murmurs

Answer 28

- laminar flow is streamlined flow (silent) | - chaotic flow is called turbulent flow (causes additional sounds = heart murmur)

Question 29

turbulence and relationship to Reynold's Number

Answer 29

- turbulent flow is estimated from the Reynolds number - turbulence normally occurs when Re > 2000 turbulence

Question 30

events in cardiac cycle (4)

Answer 30

1. ventricular filling 2. isovolumetric contraction 3. ventricular ejection 4. isovolumetric relaxation

Question 31

ventricular filling

Answer 31

- ventricles fill for ~0.45s - mitral and tricuspid valves open - aortic and pulmonary valves close - end-diastolic volume = 120mL - end-diastolic pressure = 4.7mmHg

Question 32

isovolumetric contraction

Answer 32

- ventricular contraction for ~0.05s - mitral and tricuspid valves close - aortic and pulmonary valves closed

Question 33

ventricular ejection

Answer 33

- takes ~0.30s - mitral and tricuspid valves closed - aortic and pulmonary valves open peak pressure of ~25mmHg (pulmonary circulation) or 120mmHg (systemic circulation) - end-systolic volume 50mL (blood left inside)

Question 34

isovolumetric relaxation

Answer 34

- lasts ~0.08s - aortic and pulmonary valves closed - mitral and tricuspid valves closed

Question 35

circulatory system consists of:

Answer 35

- heart - blood - vasculature (hollow tubes that are conduits for the blood)

Question 36

blood consists of:

Answer 36

- plasma | - cellular components

Question 37

3 different cellular components

Answer 37

1. erythrocytes 2. leukocytes 3. thrombocytes

Question 38

hematocrit

Answer 38

fraction of blood volume occupied by the red blood cells

Question 39

blood composition (%s)

Answer 39

55% plasma 45% packed and red cells <1% "buffy coat"

Question 40

plasma composition

Answer 40

- 90% water - electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, Ca2+...) - proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)

Question 41

erythrocytes

Answer 41

- most abundant cells in the blood - carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin! - anucleate cells - biconcave disk shape - max surface area for diffusion of gases - increased flexibility needed for passing through tiny capillaries

Question 42

structure of hemoglobin (Hb)

Answer 42

- 4 polypeptide chains (2a, 2b) - each chain has a heme group - each heme group has a central iron atom - an iron atom can bind a molecule of oxygen - 1 Hb molecule can bind 4 02 molecules

Question 43

leukocytes (white blood cells)

Answer 43

- protect the body against infections/diseases - granular and non-granular - immunity and acquired immunity

Question 44

granular leukocytes

Answer 44

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 45

non-granular leukocytes

Answer 45

monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 46

thrombocytes (platelets)

Answer 46

- fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes - key role in hemostasis (arrest of bleeding) - form hemostatic plugs that close breaks/tears in blood vessels - initiate the formation of blood clots (coagulation)

Question 47

hemorrhage

Answer 47

- opposite of hemostasis | - bleed continues

Question 48

where do the four valves of the heart lie?

Answer 48

annulus fibrosus | valves are nearly co-planar