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BME 201 > Cardiovascular System - Heart as a Pump & Blood Composition > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Heart as a Pump & Blood Composition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A
  • transport system that brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and removes waste materials from the tissues
  • filters: kidney, skin, digestive system…
  • blood is medium of transport
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2
Q

location of heart (general/base/apex)

A
  • thoracic cavity and oriented obliquely
  • base of heart: directly superiorly, posteriorly, and to the right
  • apex of heart: directed inferiorly, anteriorly, and to the left
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3
Q

apex beat

A

can be felt in the 5th intercostal space

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4
Q

4 types of inspection

A
  1. inspection
  2. palpation
  3. percussion
  4. auscultation
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5
Q

coverings around the heart (2)

A
  1. outer: fibrous pericardium

2. inner: serous pericardium

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6
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

tough, connective tissue layer

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7
Q

serous pericardium

A
  • thin, serous membrane

- 2 layers: parietal layer and visceral layer (epicardium)

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8
Q

pericardial cavity

A
  • filled with film of serous fluid (pericardial fluid)
  • up to 50mL !
  • located between the parietal and visceral layers
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9
Q

pericardial fluid

A
  • friction free environment to protect heart
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10
Q

pericardial effusion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity

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11
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart by an excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac

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12
Q

structure of heart wall (3 layers)

A
  1. epicardium (outer)
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium (inner)
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13
Q

epicardium

A

visceral layer of pericardium

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14
Q

myocardium (3 layers)

A
  • thick contractile middle layer
  • “heart muscle”
  • 3 types of cardiac muscle: atrial, ventricular, specialized muscle tissue (coordinates electrical signals)
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15
Q

endocardium

A
  • smooth inner lining of the heart surface

- includes heart valves

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16
Q

carditis

peri, moo, end

A

heart + infection

different layers

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17
Q

heart chambers

A
  1. right atrium
  2. right ventricle
  3. left atrium
  4. left ventricle (has thicccest myocardium - needs to pump blood all around the body)
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18
Q

types of heart valves

A
  1. atrioventricular

2. semilunar

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19
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

mitral

tricuspid

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20
Q

semilunar valves

A

aortic

pulmonary valve

21
Q

Law of Laplace for thin-walled spheres

A

formula sheeeeet

22
Q

Law of Laplace for thiccc-walled spheres

A

formula sheet

- development of tension within the walls of the heart produces pressure within the chamber

23
Q

phases of cardiac cycle

A
  • systole (contractile phase of heart muscle)

- diastole (relaxation phase of heart muscle)

24
Q

pathway of blood through heart (also know about systole/diastole in relation)

A
  1. superior and inferior vena cava
  2. right atria
  3. tricuspid valve
  4. right ventricle
  5. pulmonary valve
  6. pulmonary artery
  7. lungs
  8. pulmonary veins
  9. left atria
  10. mitral valve
  11. left ventricle
  12. aortic valve
  13. aorta
25
Q

vessels of blood

A

vains bring oxygenated blood

arteries take away

26
Q

auscultation and phonocardiogram

A

auscultation: heart sounds listened to with stethoscope
phonocardiogram: heart sounds recorded by microphone and displayed graphically

27
Q

specific heart sounds (2)

A
  • valves are pressure-operated; closure of valves produce sounds:
    1. corresponds to closure of tricuspid and mitral valves
    2. corresponds to the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
28
Q

heart murmurs

A
  • laminar flow is streamlined flow (silent)

- chaotic flow is called turbulent flow (causes additional sounds = heart murmur)

29
Q

turbulence and relationship to Reynold’s Number

A
  • turbulent flow is estimated from the Reynolds number
  • turbulence normally occurs when Re > 2000
    turbulence
30
Q

events in cardiac cycle (4)

A
  1. ventricular filling
  2. isovolumetric contraction
  3. ventricular ejection
  4. isovolumetric relaxation
31
Q

ventricular filling

A
  • ventricles fill for ~0.45s
  • mitral and tricuspid valves open
  • aortic and pulmonary valves close
  • end-diastolic volume = 120mL
  • end-diastolic pressure = 4.7mmHg
32
Q

isovolumetric contraction

A
  • ventricular contraction for ~0.05s
  • mitral and tricuspid valves close
  • aortic and pulmonary valves closed
33
Q

ventricular ejection

A
  • takes ~0.30s
  • mitral and tricuspid valves closed
  • aortic and pulmonary valves open
    peak pressure of ~25mmHg (pulmonary circulation) or 120mmHg (systemic circulation)
  • end-systolic volume 50mL (blood left inside)
34
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A
  • lasts ~0.08s
  • aortic and pulmonary valves closed
  • mitral and tricuspid valves closed
35
Q

circulatory system consists of:

A
  • heart
  • blood
  • vasculature (hollow tubes that are conduits for the blood)
36
Q

blood consists of:

A
  • plasma

- cellular components

37
Q

3 different cellular components

A
  1. erythrocytes
  2. leukocytes
  3. thrombocytes
38
Q

hematocrit

A

fraction of blood volume occupied by the red blood cells

39
Q

blood composition (%s)

A

55% plasma
45% packed and red cells
<1% “buffy coat”

40
Q

plasma composition

A
  • 90% water
  • electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, Ca2+…)
  • proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)
41
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • most abundant cells in the blood
  • carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin!
  • anucleate cells
  • biconcave disk shape
  • max surface area for diffusion of gases
  • increased flexibility needed for passing through tiny capillaries
42
Q

structure of hemoglobin (Hb)

A
  • 4 polypeptide chains (2a, 2b)
  • each chain has a heme group
  • each heme group has a central iron atom
  • an iron atom can bind a molecule of oxygen
  • 1 Hb molecule can bind 4 02 molecules
43
Q

leukocytes (white blood cells)

A
  • protect the body against infections/diseases
  • granular and non-granular
  • immunity and acquired immunity
44
Q

granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

45
Q

non-granular leukocytes

A

monocytes, lymphocytes

46
Q

thrombocytes (platelets)

A
  • fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes
  • key role in hemostasis (arrest of bleeding)
  • form hemostatic plugs that close breaks/tears in blood vessels
  • initiate the formation of blood clots (coagulation)
47
Q

hemorrhage

A
  • opposite of hemostasis

- bleed continues

48
Q

where do the four valves of the heart lie?

A

annulus fibrosus

valves are nearly co-planar

BME 201 (10 decks)

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