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BME 201 > Nervous System - Organization > Flashcards

Nervous System - Organization Flashcards

describe main divisions of nervous system, compare CNS and PNS, explain meninges and circulation of CSF, identify steps in forming a response to environmental challenges

1
Q

sensory input

A
  1. sensory receptors detect change

2. electric signals (nerve impulses) are transmitted to brain

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2
Q

where does signal integration occur?

A

CNS

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3
Q

motor output

A
  1. electric signals (nerve impulses) are transmitted from the brain
  2. brain sends signals to effector organ
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4
Q

main divisions of nervous system

A
  • central nervous system

- peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

CNS

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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6
Q

PNS

A
  • cranial nerves (12 pairs)

- spinal nerves (31 pairs)

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7
Q

nerves

A
  • bundles of cytoplasmic extensions of the nerve cells (neurons)
  • specialized cells that carry messages from one part of the body to another
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8
Q

ganglia

A

bundles of nerve cell bodies

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9
Q

3 parts of neuron

A
  • soma: cell body
  • dendrites: processes that gather info
  • axons: process that conveys info
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10
Q

afferents

A
  • carry signals towards CNS

- sensory

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11
Q

efferents

A
  • carry signals away from CNS

- motor

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12
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • voluntary

- related to skeletal muscles

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13
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • involuntary

- related to visceral organs

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14
Q

parts of the autonomic nervous system

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. enteric
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15
Q

cerebrum surface components

A
  1. gyri - convolutions
  2. sulci - grooves
  3. fissures - deep and long sulci
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16
Q

lobes of the cerebrum (5)

A
  1. frontal lobe
  2. parietal lobe
  3. occipital lobe
  4. temporal lobe
  5. insula
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17
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor

cerebrum

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18
Q

broca’s area

A
  • responsible for speech production

- damage results in “expressive aphasia”

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19
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory
- location of body parts
- interpreting visuals
(cerebrum)

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20
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

cerebrum

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21
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing

cerebrum

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22
Q

wernicke’s area

A
  • responsible for understanding speech

- damage results in “receptive aphasia”

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23
Q

insula (island of reil)

A
  • olfacto-gustatory (smell/taste)

cerebrum

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24
Q

parts of the diencephalon (3)

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. epithalamus (pineal gland)
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25
Q

thalamus

A
  • relay station for info going both ways
  • “relay sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
    (diencephalon)
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26
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • key role in maintaining homeostasis
  • control centre of autonomic nervous system
  • link between nervous system and endocrine system
    (diencephalon)
27
Q

epithalamus (pineal gland)

A

control centre for circadian rhythm

diencephalon

28
Q

where is the diencephalon

A

centrally located, surrounded by cerebral hemispheres

29
Q

parts of the brain stem (3)

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
30
Q

midbrain

A

motor, visual, and auditory information

brain stem

31
Q

pons

A
  • breathing, swallowing, taste, facial expression, posture
  • communication between different parts of the brain
    (brain stem)
32
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor functions
  • “helps regulate breathing, heart, and blood vessel functions”
  • decussation occurs here
    (midbrain)
33
Q

decussation

A
  • crossover of nerve fibres
34
Q

cerebellum

A
  • functions as motor area
  • mediates contractions of skeletal muscles (voluntary/involuntary)
  • responsible for balance, coordination, and posture
  • enables precise and accurate movements
35
Q

what is the limbic system involved in

A
  • emotional responses and socio-sexual behaviours (need to survive)
  • motivation and memory formation (several parts)
36
Q

parts involved in motivation and memory formation in the limbic system (4)

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. amygdala
  3. cingulate gyrus
  4. corpus callosum
37
Q

hippocampus

A

forming memory

limbic system

38
Q

amygdala

A

aggression centre

limbic system

39
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

emotions, behaviour

limbic system

40
Q

corpus callosum

A

info transfer between the two hemispheres

limbic system

41
Q

grey matter (brain)

A
  • outer part of cerebral cortex

- lots of neuronal bodies

42
Q

white matter (brain)

A
  • inner part of cerebral cortex

- lots of axons

43
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • located deep beneath cerebral cortex

- assist in movement by suppressing unwanted movement

44
Q

types of fibres in white matter

A
  1. association fibers
  2. commissural fibers
  3. projection fibers
45
Q

association fibers

A

transmit impulses from one gyrus to another (in same hemisphere)

46
Q

commissural fibers

A

transmit impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to the other

“commute”

47
Q

projection fibers

A
  • ascending and descending

- transmit impulses to and from cerebrum (to and from spinal cord)

48
Q

tracts

A

collections of axons travelling together in the CNS

49
Q

nuclei

A

collections of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

50
Q

meninges

A
  • three layers of protective tissues

- surround the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

parts of meninges

A
  1. dura mater (outer)
  2. arachnoid (middle)
  3. subarachnoid space
  4. pia mater (innermost)
52
Q

subarachnoid space

A

filled with CSF

53
Q

ventricles

A

fluid-filled cavities found in the brain

54
Q

choroid plexuses

A

specialized capillary structures that produce CSF

55
Q

CSF volumes

A
  • ventricles: 35mL

- spinal cord: 100mL

56
Q

CSF formed per day

A

500mL

57
Q

CSF vs plasma

A

wayyy less protein!

58
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • lack of direct access of blood-borne substances to the brain’s interstitial fluid
  • barrier between arterial blood and extracellular fluid compartment
  • “filtering mechanism of capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking passage of certain substances”
59
Q

functions of CSF (4)

A
  • cushions brain against mechanical shock
  • carries nutrients to brain cells
  • transports waste products away from brain cells
  • supports nervous tissues
60
Q

lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

A

needle inserted between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrate

(spinal cord thinnest here, so less chance of damaging it)

61
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • originate from brain stem

- perform basic functions of the head and neck

62
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • originate from spinal cord

- perform basic functions for the limbs and the trunk

63
Q

types of brain behaviours

A
  • motor behaviours (actions)
  • affective behaviours (emotions)
  • cognitive behaviour (thoughts)
64
Q

neuroendocrine system control

A
  • provides organ-wide control of physiological systems
  • nervous system provides short-term and rapid control
  • endocrine system provides long-term and steady control

BME 201 (10 decks)

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