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BME 201 > Cardiovascular System - Vascular Function and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Vascular Function and Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

two closed systems of conduits

A
  1. pulmonary vessels

2. systemic vessels

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2
Q

main classes of blood vessels (3)

A
  1. arteries
  2. capillaries
  3. veins
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3
Q

where do arteries carry blood?

A

away from heart

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4
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

connect arteries with veins

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5
Q

where do veins carry blood?

A

to the heart

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6
Q

classification of arteries

A
  1. aorta
  2. arteries
  3. arterioles
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7
Q

aorta

A

largest artery of systemic circulation

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8
Q

arteries

A

medium and small arteries branching off aorta

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9
Q

arterioles

A

smallest branches of arteries

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10
Q

structure of systemic arteries (3 main layers)

A
  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica externa
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11
Q

tunica intima

A

epithelium, basement membrane, and elastic fibers

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12
Q

tunica media

A

smooth muscle

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13
Q

tunica externa

A

connective, elastic, and collagenous fibers

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14
Q

function of aorta and its branches

A
  • elastic vessels
  • receive blood directly from heart (oxygenated)
  • blood volume is under high pressure (stressed volume)
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15
Q

function of arterioles

A
  • resistance vessels (extensive development of smooth muscle)
  • site of highest resistance to blood flow
  • regulate blood flow and pressure
  • innervated by sympathetic adrenergic nerve fibers
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16
Q

structure of capillaries

A
  • smallest and most numerous blood vessels

- thin-walled structures lined with a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basal lamina

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17
Q

function of capillaries/ perfusion

A
  • nutrients, gases, water, and solute are exchanged
  • not all capillaries are perfused with blood at all times
  • selective perfusion of capillary beds depending on the metabolic needs of the tissues
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18
Q

internal respiration (capillary bed)

A
  • gas exchange between blood and tissues
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19
Q

exchange vessels in capillary bed (3)

A

terminal arterioles, capillaries, and venules

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20
Q

classification of veins (3)

A
  1. venules
  2. small and medium veins
  3. vena cava (superior and inferior)
21
Q

structure of veins

A
  • thin-walled

- same three layers as arteries (smooth muscle, elastic muscle, and connective tissues)

22
Q

function of veins (systemic circulation)

A
  • carry blood toward the heart (deoxygenated)
  • large capacitance (hold >60% of total blood volume)
  • blood volume under low pressure (unstressed volume)
23
Q

vessels in pulmonary circulation

A
  1. arteries
  2. capillaries
  3. veins
24
Q

veins in pulmonary circulation

A
  • transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
    (2 pulmonary veins for each lung)
25
Q

capillaries in pulmonary circulation

A
  • gases, water, and solute exchanged between the blood and the alveolar gas
  • external respiration (gas exchange between blood and air)
26
Q

arteries in pulmonary circulation

A
  • carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs

- lower pressure and vascular resistance

27
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

amount of blood pumped from a ventricle each time the ventricle contracts

28
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A
  • volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute

- CO = SV * heart beats per minute

29
Q

circuit through the cardiovascular system

A
  1. oxygenated blood fills left ventricle
  2. blood is ejected from left ventricle to aorta
  3. cardiac output is distributed among various organs
  4. blood flow from the organs is collected in the veins
  5. venous return to the right atrium
  6. mixed venous blood fills the right ventricle
  7. blood is ejected from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery
  8. blood flow from the lungs is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins
30
Q

main functions of the vascular system (4)

A
  1. transforms pulsatile output of the heart to a more continuous flow (arteries)
  2. distributes the CO to the tissue based on tissue needs (arterioles)
  3. exchanges materials with the tissues (capillaries)
  4. provides a volume reservoir (veins)
31
Q

physical principles of blood flow

A
  1. steady-state flow
  2. elasticity of vessels
  3. velocity in vessels
  4. steady-state flow in tubes
32
Q

blood flow through a blood vessel is determined by:

A
  1. pressure difference between the two ends of the vessels

2. resistance of the vessel to blood flow

33
Q

compliance (elasticity) in veins vs arteries

A

compliance of veins is much greater than compliance of arteries

34
Q

capacitance definition

/ old vs young arteries

A
  • ability to distend, hold a volume of blood at a given pressure
  • old arteries must have higher pressure than young arteries to hold same volume
35
Q

branching of systemic circulatory system

highest to lowest velocity of vessels

A

aorta –> capillaries –> vena cava

36
Q

assumptions for poiseuille’s flow (6)

A
  1. fluid is Newtonian
  2. flow is laminar
  3. no “slippage” at walls
  4. tube is cylindrical with circular cross section, // walls
  5. walls of tube are rigid
  6. tube is long compared to the entrance length
37
Q

entrance effects in establishing poiseuille’s flow

A

“plug flow” to laminar flow!

slowly reaches a parabolic velocity profile

38
Q

arterial pulse pressure

A
  • ejection of blood into the arterial tree cause the arterial pressure pulse
  • pulse depends on stroke volume and arterial compliance
39
Q

relationship between pulse pressure and stroke volume

A
  • larger SV causes larger pulse pressure

- same stroke volume at higher Pa causes larger pulse pressure

40
Q

effect of compliance on pulse pressure

A

same stroke volume at lower compliance causes a larger pulse pressure

41
Q

pressures in the systemic circulation (4)

A
  1. diastolic pressure
  2. systolic pressure
  3. pulse pressure
  4. mean pressure
42
Q

diastolic pressure in systemic circulation

A
  • lowest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle

- pressure in artery during ventricular relaxation when no blood is being ejected from the LV

43
Q

systolic pressure in systemic circulation

A
  • highest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle

- pressure in the artery after blood has been ejected from the LV during systole

44
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

45
Q

mean pressure

A

average pressure in a complete cardiac cycle

46
Q

estimation of blood pressure by sphygmomanometry

A
  • fast decline in cuff pressure may miss the first Korotkoff sound
  • 1st Korotkoff sound is where cuff pressure is just lower than systolic pressure
  • disappearance of Korotkoff sound represents point where cuff pressure just lower than diastolic pressure
47
Q

pressure in systemic circulation

highest to lowest

A
  1. left ventricle –> aorta –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> vena cava –> right atrium
48
Q

pressure in pulmonary circulation (highest to lowest)

A

right ventricle –> pulmonary artery –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium

BME 201 (10 decks)

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