cardiovascular system (lec) Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
cardiovascular system is a.k.a?
A
circulatory system
2
Q
circulatory system is made up of the ________ & ________.
A
pump (heart); blood vessels
3
Q
artery carries what type of blood?
A
oxygenated blood
4
Q
veins carries what type of blood?
A
unoxygenated blood
5
Q
it is a muscular pump w/ 2 receiving chambers and 2 pumping chambers
A
heart
6
Q
these are the receiving chambers
A
atria
7
Q
these are the pumping chambers
A
ventricles
8
Q
where is the heart located?
A
between the lungs in the middle w/ a small portion at the right side
9
Q
location of the heart at the middle is called the?
A
mediastinum
10
Q
the heart is the same size as a ________.
A
man’s fist
11
Q
normal male heart weighs?
A
250-300gm
12
Q
normal female heart weighs?
A
200-275gm
13
Q
the apex of the heart is found anteriorly and interiorly to the left at the _______________.
A
5th intercostal space; midclavicular line
14
Q
blood vessels has ______ closed circuits.
A
2
15
Q
this circuit goes to lung for oxygenation
A
pulmonary circuit
16
Q
the circuit where there is a distribution to the different tissues
A
systemic circuit
17
Q
exchange of gases/O2 & CO2; in tissues?
A
capillaries
18
Q
drainage system
A
veins
19
Q
supply system
A
artery
20
Q
covering of the heart?
A
pericardium also a.k.a as the outer covering
21
Q
outer layer of the pericardium
A
parietal pericardium
22
Q
inner layer of the pericardium
A
visceral pericardium/epicardium
23
Q
space, less than 50cc of fluid
A
pericardial sac
24
Q
3 WALLS OF THE HEART
A
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
25
external, visceral layer of the serous pericardium
epicardium
26
thickest, middle muscular layer
myocardium
27
inner layer of the heart
endocardium
28
only artery in adult to carry unoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery
29
only vein in adult that carries oxygenated blood
pulmonary vein
30
duplication of the endocardium
valves
31
right border of the heart
right atrium
32
drains the head and the upper limb
SVC
33
drains the lower limb, abdomen, thorax
IVC
34
major drainage of the heart
coronary sinus
35
in fetus, open because its a shunt
fossa ovalis
36
what is the circulatory pathway of the blood?
RA --> RV --> PULMONARY ARTERY (only artery in adult to carry unoxygenated blood --> LUNGS (becomes oxygenated blood) --> PULMONARY VEIN (only vein in adult that carries oxygenated blood) --> LA --> LV --> OUT TO THE AORTA
37
RIGHT ATRIUM receives venous blood from?
* superior vena cava = drains the head and upper limb
* IVC = drains the lower limb, abdomen, thorax
* anterior cardiac veins
* vena cordis minimae
* the coronary sinus = major drainage of the heart
38
this usually closes shortly before birth, during birth, or after birth
fossa ovalis
39
non-closure of the fossa ovalis leads to what disorder? how to treat?
ASD (ATRIOSEPTAL DEFECT), no medications; only by operation
40
forming most of the anterior surface of the heart
right ventricle
41
this is the upper most part of the wall of the RV; has no muscular bundles & leads to the PA
infundibulum
42
irregular muscular ridges that holds more blood; makes the RV rough
trabeculae carnae
43
attaches to the chordae tendinae
papillary muscles
44
pulls the papillary muscles during opening & relaxes or returns it back during closing
chordae tendinae or chordae tendina (sing.)
45
according to embryology, RV is from the _______.
bulbus cordis
46
attaches to the lips of the tricuspid valve
chordae tendinae
47
how many cusps for tricuspid valve?
three cusps/three lips
48
moderator band a.k.a?
septomarginal band
49
- is the muscular band attached to the septal wall of the anterior margin
- prevents overdistention of the RV
- present only in the RV
moderator band/septomarginal band
50
base of the heart
left atrium
51
* quadrilateral in shape
* receives blood from the pulmonary veins
* blood leaves the LA via the mitral valve or the mitral orifice (opening of the mitral valve)
left atrium
52
opening of the mitral valve?
mitral orifice
53
apex of the heart
left ventricle
54
* cavity is longer & narrower than RV
* walls are 3x thicker than the RV due to the increase pressure that propels to the arterial system -> AORTA
* apex of the heart at the 5th ICS and midclavicular line
left ventricle
55
composed of the tricuspid valve/right atrioventricular valve & the mitral/bicuspid valve
atrioventricular valves
56
composed of the aortic and pulmonic valve
semilunar valves
57
- has 3 cusps
- guards the RA from the RV's contraction
tricuspid/right atrioventricular valve
58
- has 2 cusps
- guards the backflow of blood towards the LA when LV pumps towards the AORTA
mitral/bicuspid valve
59
guards the aorta
aortic valve
60
guards the pulmonary artery
pulmonic valve
61
structures that separates the chambers
septa
62
septa are structures made up of _________ & __________.
fibrous tissues & components of muscles
63
separates the L and R atrium
interatrial septum
64
separates the L and R ventricles
interventricular septum
65
blockage of the arteries due stress, diabetic px, or congenital anomalies
atherosclerosis
66
death of tissues
necrosis/infarction
67
death of cardiac tissues
myocardial infarction or heart attack
68
blood supply of the heart comes from the?
coronary arteries
69
venous drainage of the heart is through the?
coronary sinus (seldomly gets blocked)
70
commonly blocked arteries?
arterial system of the heart
71
what are the 2 nerve supplies of the heart?
parasympathetic & sympathetic
72
what nerve is involved in the parasympathetic supply of the heart?
vagus nerve/CN X/cranial nerve ten/CN 10
73
parasympathetic is ______ to the heart.
inhibitory
74
sympathetic is ________ to the heart.
excitatory
75
an example of a sympathetic drug that excites the heart
epinephrine
76
another sympathetic drug for tx of asthma that excites heart rate (generic & brand name)
Terbutaline (Bricanyl)
77
the first organ to work in fetus and the last organ to stop
heart
78
____ cardiac death but brain dead or death
no
79
pacemaker of the heart, commences heartbeat
sinu-atrial node / SA node
80
heart is ______ and _______.
automatic, rhythmic
81
found at lower part of the interatrial septum
atrio-ventricular node
82
size of a match stick, at the interventricular septum, divides into L and R bundle branches
bundle of his
83
beneath the endocardium distributed through out the heart, sends it (impulses) to the ventricular muscle
subendocardial network of Purkinje / Purkinje fibers
84
a problem within the chronological nerve impulse pathway of the heart leads to?
arrhythmia
85
specialists of the heart
cardiologists
86
are better heard by cardiologists as their specialties
S3 (ventricular gallop) and S4 (atrial gallop)
87
- first sound of the heart
- due to the closure of the AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid)
- lub
S1
88
- second sound of the heart
- due to the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic & pulmonic valves)
- dub
S2
89
other heart sounds due to arrhythmia or abnormalities
heart murmurs
90
used for the screening of heart diseases
ECG or electrocardiogram
91
- atrial depolarization (start of atrial contraction) from SA node -> contractile fibers in both atria
- small upward deflection
p wave
92
ventricular depolarization (ventricles about to contract) -> ventricular contractile fibers
QRS complex
93
- ventricular repolarization (relaxation) -> ventricles are starting to relax
- dome-shaped deflection
t wave
94
3 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
artery, vein, capillary
95
blood vessel: oxygen (O2) supply
arteries
96
blood vessel: contains CO2
veins
97
blood vessels: area of exchange of gases (O2 & CO2) in the tissues
capillaries
98
blood supply system that comes from the heart?
arterial system
99
blood supply system that goes towards and returns to heart?
venous system
100
blood supply to heart and body is ______ type of circulatory system.
closed
101
capillary has a diameter of ______ diameter which is exactly the same diameter of a single RBC
7-9 micrometer
102
how many RBC can pass through the capillary at a time?
only 1
103
CO2 is exhaled to what system?
pulmonary system
104
thick tunica media, no valves except the pulmonic valve
arteries
105
thick tunica adventitia, has valves
veins
106
defective valves of the veins causes or forms?
varicose / varicose veins
107
3 LAYERS OF THE BLOOD VESSEL
1. tunica intima - inner layer
2. tunica media - middle
3. tunica adventitia - outermost / outside
108
biggest visceral branches?
1. coeliac - supplies foregut (stomach, liver)
2. superial mesenteric - supplies midgut (starts from jejunum, illium, midtransverse column)
3. inferior mesenteric - supplies hindgut (colon to the rectum)
109
what are the arteries of the head and neck?
common carotid arteries
110
the common carotid arteries divides into two, namely?
external and internal carotid artery
111
carotid artery that supplies the face area
external carotid artery
112
carotid artery that supplies the brain
internal carotid artery
113
internal carotid artery in the brain is divided into?
anterior and middle cerebral artery
114
vertebral artery (L and R) brought together by the posterior and anterior communicating artery
circle of willis
115
arteries of the upper limbs?
subclavian arteries
116
pathway of the arteries of the upper limbs?
axillary artery --> brachial artery --> radial artery --> ulnar artery
117
pathway of the arteries of the lower limbs?
descending thoracic aorta > abdominal aorta > common iliac > external and internal iliac
118
the external iliac pathway of the lower limbs?
external iliac > femoral artery > popliteal artery > anterior tibial and posterior tibial
119
alternating expansion and recoil of the elastic arteries
pulse
120
normally ____ beats per min. in an adult
70-80
121
athletes have ______ pulse
lower
122
pulse greater than 100?
tachycardia
123
pulse lower than 60?
bradychardia
124
most common area for pulse reading?
radial artery
125
other common areas for pulse reading / sensation?
* superficial temporal artery
* facial artery
* femoral artery - inguinal region
* popliteal artery - back of the knee
* dorsalis pedis - infront of the foot, to see if the blood supply of the foot is okay esp. in diabetes mellitus
* carotid artery (biggest)
126
measured by a sphygmomanometer
blood pressure
127
the force exerted by the blood
blood pressure
128
unit of blood pressure
mmHg
129
highest during systole
systolic
130
lowest pressure during diastole
diastolic
131
first sound that appears during blood pressure monitoring
systole
132
sound disappears during the blood pressure monitoring?
diastole
133
normal BP?
120/80mmHg
134
drainage system to the RA
veins
135
drains only blood from the heart walls
coronary sinus
136
drains blood from the rest of the body EXCEPT LUNGS
superior & inferior vena cava
137
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA specifically drains blood from?
head, neck, upper limbs, and a portion of the thorax
138
INFERIOR VENA CAVA specifically drains blood from the?
rest of the thorax, abdomen, lower limbs
139
- main venous drainage of the abdominal visceral organs (GIT); eventually drains to the IVC
- one of the 2 main blood supplies of the liver
portal vein / hepatic portal vein
140
the portal or hepatic portal vein is constituted by three different veins called?
splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein
141
blood from the intestines will pass through this circulation on their way to the liver
portal circulation
142
fresh salad w/ amoeba
intestinal amoebiasis ---> liver amoebiasis
143
having intestinal cancer also means having or leading to?
liver cancer
144
drinking alcohol which passes through the liver ---> liver becomes inflammed is called?
alcoholic hepatitis
145
artery gets blocked due to the lack / decrease of oxygen
ischemia
146
what happens in heart attack?
myocardial ischemia --> death of myocardium --> myocardial infarction
147
ISCHEMIA regarding PAIN SENSATION during HEART ATTACK?
- pain felt sometimes
- sometimes no pain felt ESP. for DIABETIC PX (their nerves are already destroyed = no pain) called PAINLESS HEART ATTACK
