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720: Exercise Physiology & Nutrition > Cardiovascular System (Part 2) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Define anastomosis

A

intercommunication between 2 arteries ensuring blood flow to area even if one artery blocked

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2
Q

How long are the P wave, PQ segment, and ORS interval?

A

0.08 seconds

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3
Q

How long is the ST segment?

A

0.12 seconds

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4
Q

How long is the T wave?

A

0.16 seconds

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5
Q

How long is the PR interval?

A

0.16 seconds

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6
Q

How long is the QT interval?

A

0.36 seconds

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7
Q

What type of training increases EDV? How?

A

endurance

by increasing SV and decreasing HR

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8
Q

In moderately trained or untrained people SV increases with exercise intensity up to __-__% of peak oxygen consumption.

A

40-50

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9
Q

True or False

Stroke volume increases at greater intensities

A

False

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10
Q

Why does stroke volume decrease at higher intensities?

A

Because of lactic acid accumulation

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11
Q

As percent peak oxygen consumption increases end-diastolic volume _____.

A

increases

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12
Q

As peak oxygen consumption increases SV, CO, and HR all ______.

A

increase

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13
Q

What is the rate of blood flow proportional to?

A

The pressure difference between 2 ends of vessel or between 2 chambers

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14
Q

In increase in pressure difference between blood vessels or heart chambers leads to _____ in blood flow

A

increase

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15
Q

How do you calculate blood flow?

A

Blood flow = change in pressure/resistance to flow

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16
Q

In order to maximally increase blood flow resistance _____ and the radius of the vessel _____.

A

decrease

increase

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17
Q

Increased cardiac output (as in exercise) leads to ______ BP

A

increased

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18
Q

What is capacitance?

A

the ability of a blood vessel to stretch

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19
Q

Increased capacitance leads to _____ BP

A

decreased

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20
Q

Plasma constitutes __-__% of total blood volume

A

55-60

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21
Q

Plasma may decrease in volume as much as __% during intense exercise, why?

A

10

water loss due to sweating

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22
Q

__% of plasma is water, _% is plasma proteins, and _% is other materials

A

90

7

3

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23
Q

Plasma may increase as much as __% at rest, why?

A

10

Adaptation to training

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24
Q

Exercise longer than __-__ minutes may require electrolyte replenishment

25
Formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets) constitutes __-__% of total blood volume
40-45
26
__% of the formed elements in blood are RBCs and _% are WBCs and platelets
99 1
27
What is hematocrit?
The percentage of total blood volume composed of formed elements
28
What is normal WBC count?
3500 – 10,500
29
A WBC count less than what is concerning?
1000
30
What is normal hemoglobin for men and for women?
Men: 13.5 – 17.5 Women: 12 – 15.5
31
A hemoglobin less than what is concerning?
8
32
What is normal platelet count?
150,000 – 450,000
33
A platelet count less than what is concerning?
20,000
34
RBCs transport oxygen via what?
hemoglobin
35
What is hemoglobin?
The protein (globin) and iron-containing pigment (heme) necessary for binding oxygen
36
Where is hemoglobin produced in adults?
bone marrow of long bones
37
Can RBCs repair themselves? Why or why not?
No, because nuclei are removed from RBCs when produced
38
What is the lifespan of RBCs?
4 months
39
RBC count ____ at high altitude
increases
40
What is the acute effect of aerobic or weight training on RBCs?
Increased number of RBCs per unit volume of blood which increases the oxygen-carrying capacity
41
What is the effect of prolonged aerobic training on plasma volume?
decreases 10-20%
42
What is the effect of prolonged aerobic training on plasma volume?
decreases 0-22%
43
What is the chronic effect of long-term aerobic training on plasma volume?
increases 12-20%
44
What are the 3 adaptations due to endurance training?
- Increased cardiac output during endurance activity - Increased oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle - Increased endurance performance
45
What is the 1 adaptation due to weight training?
Increased ability to maintain cardiac output against increased BP
46
What is Arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v O2 diff)?
The amount of oxygen per 100 mL of arterial blood entering a tissue minus that leaving tissue
47
What is a-v O2 diff at rest?
4-5 mL O2 per 100 mL of blood
48
What happens to the a-v O2 difference during exercise?
It increases
49
What is a-v O2 diff during exercise?
15 mL O2 per 100 mL of blood
50
Given the a-v O2 diff how do you calculate oxygen delivery to tissues?
Oxygen Delivery (VO2) = Blood Flow (Q) × a-vO2 diff
51
So, increasing either Q or a-v O2 diff will lead to a(n) _____ in VO2 for the whole body
increase
52
At rest __-__% of cardiac output goes to skeletal muscle
15-20
53
During exercise __-__% of cardiac output goes to skeletal muscle
80-85
54
What are the 4 factors that affect the redistribution of blood during exercise?
- Parallel circuitry - Vasodilation to skeletal muscles - Vasoconstriction to GI system - Precapillary sphincters
55
At rest the majority of blood is distributed where?
to the liver and kidneys
56
The release of what neurotransmitter causes vasoconstriction?
norepinephrine
57
The release of what neurotransmitter can cause vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
epinephrine
58
What provides intrinsic control of vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
autoregulation
59
What 3 things increase venous return during exercise?
- Venoconstriction - Muscle pump - Respiratory pump

720: Exercise Physiology & Nutrition (14 decks)

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