Energy Sources (Part 2)

Question 1

How much energy is available in the body through the phosphagen (ATP-PC) system?

How much is from ATP?

How much is from PC?

Answer 1

19-23

4-6

15-17

Question 2

In the absence of oxygen glucose is metabolized into what 2 things?

Answer 2

• lactic acid

- energy

Question 3

The energy acquired from the breakdown of glucose into lactic acid combines with what to form - ATP

Answer 3

Energy + 3ADP + Pi –> 2-3 ATP

Question 4

Describe the process in which glucose undergoes to convert to lactic acid

Answer 4

Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid via the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) which is then converted to lactic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Question 5

How is glycogen metabolized during anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 5

It is simply broken down into glucose which is then converted to pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid

Question 6

Where does anaerobic glycolysis occur?

Answer 6

in the cytoplasm

Question 7

Where does aerobic glycolysis occur?

Answer 7

in the cristae of the mitochondria

Question 8

In the presence of oxygen glucose can be metabolized into what molecule?

Answer 8

a 2 carbon acetyl group called acetyl-CoA

Question 9

Aerobic production of ATP involves what 2 major enzymatic systems?

Answer 9

• Krebs cycle

- electron transport chain

Question 10

What 3 substances can enter the Krebs cycle?

Answer 10

• carbs
• fat
• protein

Question 11

What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 11

to oxidize (remove hydrogens and electrons) from substrates and produce some ATP

Question 12

The electrons and hydrogen ions removed from substrates in the Krebs cycle are transported to the ETC via what 2 carriers?

Answer 12

• NAD

- FAD

Question 13

What accounts for the vast majority of ATP production during aerobic metabolism?

Answer 13

Transport of hydrogens and electrons to the ETC

Question 14

Define oxidation

Answer 14

The removal of hydrogen ions and electrons from substrates

Question 15

Define reduction

Answer 15

The process by which ions and electrons are to be carried to the mitochondria for energy production

Question 16

What carrier carries electrons to the mitochondria?

Answer 16

cytochrome (which is a protein containing iron)

Question 17

What carries ions to the mitochondria?

Answer 17

NAD (vitamin B) and FAD

Question 18

What does a lack of vitamin D result in?

Answer 18

the carriers (NAD and FAD) not having much of an effect

Question 19

NAD produces _ ATP and FAD produces _ ATP in the mitochondria.

Answer 19

3

2

Question 20

How can an increase in intramuscular glycogen positively affect both glycolytic and aerobic production of ATP?

Answer 20

Because pyruvate can either enter aerobic metabolism or become lactic acid

Question 21

What type of training increases intramuscular glycogen?

Answer 21

endurance

Question 22

What type of training results in no change in intramuscular glycogen?

Answer 22

weight and sprint-type training

Question 23

What 2 factors affect whether intramuscular glycogen increases during weight and sprint-type training?

Answer 23

• Length of training program

- Type of training

Question 24

Sprint repetitions greater than __ seconds result in an increase in intramuscular glycogen as glycolytic production of ATP becomes more important to performance

Answer 24

10

Question 25

Pyruvate must be broken down into what molecule in order to enter the Krebs cycle?

Answer 25

acetyl-CoA

Question 26

Acetyl-CoA then combines with what molecule to form citrate?

Answer 26

oxaloacetate

Question 27

This citrate then undergoes a series of reactions to produce what?

Answer 27

2 CO2 molecules and 1 ATP

Question 28

ATP formation during the Krebs cycle takes place at only one reaction, what is it?

Answer 28

The formation of GTP which is immediately used to produce ATP

Question 29

It is important to note that for every molecule of glucose _ molecules or pyruvic acid are formed, which means _ molecules of acetyl-CoA enter the Krebs cycle

Answer 29

2 2

Question 30

``` For each acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs cycle: _ CO2 _ ATP _ NADH _ FADH2 are produced. ```

Answer 30

2 1 3 1

Question 31

Each NADH produces _ ATP. | Each FADH2 produces _ ATP.

Answer 31

3 2

Question 32

Given all of this, 1 glucose molecule produces _ ATP from GTP, _ ATP from NADH, and FADH2. What is the total ATP produced from one glucose molecule during the Krebs cycle?

Answer 32

2 18 4 24

Question 33

The complete degradation of glucose equals how many ATP?

Answer 33

36

Question 34

What does the incomplete degradation of glucose result in?

Answer 34

lactic acid, which only produces 2-3 ATP

Question 35

How many grams of glucose can be found in the blood?

Answer 35

20

Question 36

How many grams of glycogen can be found in muscle?

Answer 36

300

Question 37

How many grams of glycogen can be found in the liver?

Answer 37

100

Question 38

What is the total amount of glucose/glycogen in our bodies? How many kcal is this?

Answer 38

420 grams x4 680 kcal

Question 39

As maximal power increases maximal capacity _____.

Answer 39

decreases

Question 40

During rest how many mg of lactic acid are produced? What happens to this number under anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 40

500 It increases

Question 41

True or False No one energy system is supplying a single exercise

Answer 41

True

Question 42

The air we breathe in is __% O2. The air we breathe out is __% O2.

Answer 42

20 16

Question 43

1 liter of oxygen consumption produces _ Kcal of energy. Therefore it takes how many minutes of breathing during rest to produce 5 kcal of energy?

Answer 43

5 5

Question 44

How many mL of oxygen are used during rest?

Answer 44

200 mL

Question 45

In order to use 100 mL we must breathe for _ minutes

Answer 45

5

Question 46

For glucose __ L of oxygen/mol of ATP For fat __ L of oxygen/mol of ATP What is the significance behind this?

Answer 46

3. 45 3. 96 More oxygen is required in order to metabolize fat, therefore during low intensity exercises fat will burn more readily