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Cardiopulmonary pathology > Cardiovascular System Review > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of cardiac output? unit?

A

= SV x HR

ml/min

the amount of blood ejected in one minute

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2
Q

epicardium

A

the external surface of heart

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3
Q

Where is the base and the apex in heart?

A

the base is like the top of the cone

the apex is like the tip of the cone

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4
Q

which part of the heart (base or apex) has more contracting movement?

A

the apex

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5
Q

what is the direction of inner and outer layers muscle surrounding the heart?

A

circumference around the heart

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6
Q

Term for heart muscle cells

A

myocardium

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7
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one beat

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8
Q

heart rate (HR)

A

the amount of beats in one minute

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9
Q

What is the biological character of myocardium?

A

rich in mitochondria & capillaries

highly oxidative

generate its own electrical signals

can hypertrophy with increased stress

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10
Q

Which chamber has the thickest wall of myocardium? Why?

A

left chamber

bcs it requires extra muscle to pump blood throughout the body

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11
Q

What is the external surface of the heart (epicardium) covered by?

A

fat

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12
Q

Where does the heart generate its own electrical signal? Which one is the primarily?

A

via SA node (primarily)

AV node

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13
Q

what is the direction of between layers muscle surrounding the heart? What is the benefit of this?

A

oblique and horizontal

to push the blood up & out of the heart

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14
Q

What does the left atrium do? left ventricle?

A

received oxygenated blood from lung

pump oxygenated blood received from left atrium to whole body

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15
Q

pacemakers cell

A

the cell that can generates its own electrical signals or carry the electrical signals

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16
Q

Pathway of left atrium received oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary veins -> mitral valve -> left atrium

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17
Q

Pathway of left ventricle pumped oxygenated blood to whole body?

A

left ventricle -> aorta valve -> aorta -> systemic arteries

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18
Q

triscupid valve. What does it do?

A

the right aortaventricular valve

Allow blood from right atrium to right ventricle

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19
Q

chordae tendineae

A

the fibrous cord control that control the open and close of atrio-ventricular valves (mitral valve & triscupid valve)

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20
Q

What is the pathway of SA node electrical signals?

A

SA node -> both atria -> AV node -> ventricular septum -> Bundle of His -> Purkinjie fibers

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21
Q

What fibers are considered to be ventricular conduction system?

A

bundle of his

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22
Q

What is the direction of electricals spread by Bundle of His fibers? Why it follow this directons?

A

septum -> apex -> ventricular base

to make sure the septum wall stiffen so when the left ventricle contract, it doesn’t squeeze the right chamber

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23
Q

When electrical signals travel from SA node to AV node, what happen to the signals?

What is the benefit of this?

A

the signals get slightly delayed

allowing atria to contract and empty blood into ventricle

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24
Q

What does the right atrium & right ventricle do?

A

received deoxygenated blood from body

pump the deoxygenated blood received from right atrium to lung

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25
When does the AV node transmit electrical impulses?
when SV node doesn't work properly
26
What fibers help the electrical signasl delayed from SA node to AV ndoe? How does it help?
junctional fibers it has small diameter -\> low conductivity & action potentials delayed
27
pathway of right atrium receive deoxygenated blood?
system veins -\> vena cava (superior & inferior) -\> triscupid valve -\> right atrium
28
pathway of right ventricle pump deoxygenated blood to lung
right ventricle -\> pulmonary semilunar valve -\> pulmonary trunnk -\> pulmonary arteries -\> lung
29
septum
the heart wall seperates two chambers
30
What is the AV biscupid valve? Where is it located?
mitral valve on the left atrium
31
What are the great vessels?
aorta, pulmonary trunk & vena cava
32
What do the coronary vessels do?
vessels that supply blood to the heart
33
What are the characters of Bundle of His?
large diameter fibers with lots of gap junctions it can adapt rapidly to action potentials
34
How is the conducting velocity of Perkinjie fiber different from other?
Perkinjie fibers has the greatest velocity of conducting signals
35
What happen during diastole phase?
atrium passively receive blood either from pulmonary arteries or vena cava mitral valve/triscupid valve open while aortic valve/ pulmonary semilunar valve close
36
Where is the electrical signal root that send signals from atrium to ventricle?
AV node
37
junctional fibers
the fibers that has small diameter to lower conductivity & delay action potentials from SA node to AV node
38
What is the structure of red arrows? purple arrows?
lumen smooth muscles
39
capillaries
the blood vessel that exchange fluids, nutrients & waste product with tissue
40
atrial systole
the period which atrium pump the last 5-10% blood remain to fill the ventricle
41
during the systole phase, what valves close/open?
mitral valve/ triscupid valve close aortic valve/ pulmonary semilunar valve open
42
The order of vascular system deliver and return blood?
aorta -\> ateries -\> ateriole -\> capillaries -\> venules -\> veins -\> vena cava -\> heart
43
Which blood vessel has the largest wall of smooth muscle? Why?
the aorta because it has to deliver blood throughout body
44
Which blood vessel has the greatest control of blood flow?
arterioles
45
Assign the color arrows according to ECG peaks?
red = P wave Yello = QRS complex Purple= T wave
46
47
What is the blood pressure?
the pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel wall
48
What does the number of arterial pressure consist of two numbers (120/90 mmHg)?
the systole pressures & the diastole pressure
49
what is the mean arterial pressure? What is the equation to calculate this?
the pressure averaged over the time of heart beat = DP + SP -DP/3
50
Which blood vessel has the largest lumen? Why?
veins because it needs to return the greatest amount of blood back to heart
51
Explain what happen according to each peak P wave =? QRS complex = ? T wave =?
atrial systole ventricular systole ventricular diastole
52
As the blood travel from aorta -\> arteriole -\> arteries -\> capillaries, how does the cross sectional area change?
it increases although the area of each vessel gets smaller
53
What is the blood flow & its unit?
the total amount volume of blood travel in a second (or minute/ hour)
54
What is the velocity of blood flow?
the total amount of blood volume travel per second per cross sectional area flow/ cross sectional area (cm3/sec/cm2 = cm/sec)
55
How does the total blood volume vary? Give example
with body size and state of training lean body mass & indurance training has higher blood volume
56
Components of blood
plasma (55-60%) formed elements (40-45%)
57
What is the equation of blood flow?
= driving force / resistance to flow
58
What is the equation of resistance to flow?
(viscosity of blood x length of vessels)/ (radius of vessel)4
59
What blood vessel does the significant amount of blood stay in?
vein (~65%)
60
90% of plasma is \_\_\_\_\_? 7% of plasma is \_\_\_\_\_? 3% of \_\_\_\_\_?
water plasma proteins small molecules
61
What blood vessel has the smallest velocity of blood flow? Why?
capillaries because it need to exchanges fluids, nutrients & waste with other tissues
62
What factor significantly influence the blood flow?
the radius of blood vessel
63
How does the blood flow velocity change in blood vessel system?
it decreases from aorta -\> arterioles -\> arteries -\> capillaries. then increases -\> venules -\> veins -\> vena cava
64
What are the components of formed elements in blood? 99% of formed elements is \_\_\_\_\_\_?
red blood cell, white blood cell & platelets red blood cell
65
What happen to % of plasma of blood when exercise intensly in heat?
decrease 10%
66
What is hematocrit?
the amount of formed elements over the total blood volume
67
"capacitance" vessel why is it called this way?
veins because they can act as reservoir of blood available to be distributed back to the heart
68
How does the blood return to the heart?
vasoconstriction of smooth muscle valves in vein insure that blood advance to the heart contraction of skeletal muscles along the side of veins inspiration
69
chemoreceptors
the receptor that monitor the blood level of CO2, pH & O2
70
where do the chemoreceptors locate?
aortic arch & carotid bifurcation
71
what happen in the beginning and during exercise?
motor cortex recruits more muscles signals are sent to cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata -\> increase HR & amount blood flow to existing tissues
72
How does the inspiration help return blood to heart from vein?
inspiration lower the thoracic and increase abdominal pressure -\> moving blood from abdominal veins to thorax -\>atrium
73
baroreceptors
the mechanoreceptors that monitor the blood pressure
74
How many percent does plasma of blood volume consist of? formed elements?
55%-60% 40%-45%
75
What will happen to the cortical stimulation of medulla when size of muscle mass activated in exercise increase?
they increase
76
What happen to the % plasma of blood with endurance training?
increase with 10%
77
Where do the baroreceptors locate?
aortic arch and carotid bifurcation arteries
78
What is the mechanism of baroreceptors to counter increased BP?
stretches in arterial wall -\> baroreceptors activation -\> vagus tone increase -\> HR decreases
79
If there is a rise in CO2 or drop in O2, what will result?
the cardiac output increases

Cardiopulmonary pathology (12 decks)

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