Lipoprotein & Atherogenesis

Question 1

what are the components of lipoprotein?

what are the major lipoproteins?

Answer 1

phospholipid, cholesterol, apoprotein, tryglyceride & cholesteryl esters

HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL & chylomicrons

Question 2

What type of lipoprotein considered to be bad?

Why?

Answer 2

LDL

because it has the highest % cholesterol of its components

Question 3

What major protein is LDL made of?

Answer 3

ApoB100

Question 4

Protein ApoB48 are exclusively in what lipoprotein?

Answer 4

chylomicrons

Question 5

What type of protein only found in HDL?

Answer 5

ApoD

Question 6

ApoE

What type of lipoproteins is this protein in?

Answer 6

proteins that help inhibiting the developmen of atherosclerosis

all lipoproteins except LDL

Question 7

What are the primary proteins in HDL?

Answer 7

ApoA I & II

Question 8

What does ApoA I & II do?

Answer 8

activate LCAT, which convert free cholesterol into cholesteryl esters

Question 9

What are the endothelium-derived vasodilator?

vasoconstrictor?

Answer 9

Ach, shear stress, serotonin & thrombin

thrombin, angiotensin II & epinephrine

Question 10

thrombosis

what does it cause?

Answer 10

the development of blood clot inside the vessels

obstructing the blood flow

Question 11

Mechanism against the thrombosis

Answer 11

inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III

Inactivation of factor V & VIII by protein C+ S

______ VII & tissue complex

______ VIIa by TFPI & complex Xa

lysis of fibrin by plasminogen activator

Inactivation of platelets activation

Question 12

what are substances that endothelial-derived vasodilator influence?

Answer 12

NO

prostacyclin

EDHF

Question 13

How does prostacyclin inhibit the platelet activation?

Answer 13

increase lvl of cAMP

increase blood flow & minimize contact btw thrombogenic factors

Question 14

How does cell uptake the cholesterol?

Answer 14

ApoB100 binds to LDL-R and undergo endocytosis

Question 15

thrombus

Answer 15

the blood clot

Question 16

What factors do protein C+S inhibit in mechanism against thrombosis?

Answer 16

Factor V + VIII

Question 17

What hormone can act as vasodilator if there is damage to vessel?

Answer 17

serotonin

Question 18

atherogenesis

Answer 18

the formation of abnormal fat deposits within the arterial walls of blood vessels

Question 19

What are the causes of atherogenesis?

Answer 19

the endothelial or vascular smooth muscular cells dysfunction

Question 20

What cause the endothelial dysfunction?

Answer 20

chemical irritants or hemodynamic stress

Question 21

What is the effect of increase lvl of cAMP to platelets?

Answer 21

inhibit platelet aggregations & adhesion

Question 22

What are two vasodilators that help against thrombosis?

Answer 22

NO

prostacyclin

Question 23

What from what protein that Apo48 is derived from?

Answer 23

ApoB100

Question 24

hemodynamic stress

Answer 24

the frictional force acting endothelial cells as result of blood flow

Question 25

What are the results of endothelial dysfunction?

Answer 25

inflammation cytokines lipoprotein entry & modification

Question 26

how does the foam cell formation occur?

Answer 26

unregulated uptake of modified LDL & leukocyte recruitment

Question 27

What are two products that both lipoprotein modification & inflammatory cytokines both produce?

Answer 27

chemokines & leukocytes adhesion molecules

Question 28

what happen to endothelial cells when they are inflammed?

Answer 28

antithrombotic molecules decrease vasodilators decrease permeability to large molecules increase inflammatory cytokines increase leukocytes molecules increase

Question 29

What happen when smooth muscular cells migrate & proliferate in subendothelial space?

Answer 29

fibrous plague formation

Question 30

What are two substances that signal leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 30

chemokines leukocyte adhesion molecules

Question 31

What happens to smooth muscular cells when they are inflammed?

Answer 31

inflammatory cytokines increase migration and proliferation in the endothelial lining extracellular synthesis increases

Question 32

The protein that is in all lipoproteins except LDL What does it do?

Answer 32

ApoE help inhibiting atherosclerosis development

Question 33

Events in atherogenesis

Answer 33

1) LDL particles pass into sub-endothelial cells 2) LDL is oxidized by ROS and oxidizing enzymes secreted by macrophages 3) monocytes are attracted to site by chemo-attractant molecules 4) Monocytes differentiate into macrophages & secrete inflammatory cytokines 5) secreted inflammatory cytokines & PDGF activate smooth muscle cells to migrate & proliferate in sub-endothelial space

Question 34

What does oxidize LDL?

Answer 34

phagocytes secreted by macrophages & ROS (reactive oxygen species)

Question 35

When LDL is oxidized, what will it turn into?

Answer 35

foam cell

Question 36

After monocytes differentiate into macrophages, what do they secrete?

Answer 36

phagocytes that oxidized LDL inflammatory cytokines

Question 37

What is the key step in atherogenesis event?

Answer 37

when LDL is oxidized to become foam cell

Question 38

How does LPL particle enter the sub-endothelial space?

Answer 38

Protein ApoB100 binds to negative charge of proteoglycans in matrix

Question 39

Where does unstable plague will rupture?

Answer 39

along the border with normal tissue where the hemodynamic stress is greatest

Question 40

What signals the VSMC to migrate and proliferate into sub-endothelial space?

Answer 40

inflammatory cytokines

Question 41

What does the VSMC do to streghthen the fibrous plague?

Answer 41

excrete more matrix proteins

Question 42

When does the fibrous plague begin?

Answer 42

when VSMC begin migrate and proliferate in sub-endothelial space