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Cardiopulmonary pathology > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What is the minimum value of diastole & systole for hypertension?

A

Diastole pressure >= 90mmHg

Systole pressure >= 140 mmHg

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2
Q

Value of diastole & systole for stage II hypertension

A

Diastole Pressure >= 100 mmHg

Systole Pressure >= 160 mmHg

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3
Q

T/F: hypertension is caused by one factor

A

False

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4
Q

Equation to calculate blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output x Total peripheral resistance

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5
Q

What are factors that influence the BP?

A

cardiac output

blood vessel tone - determine TPR

kidney

hormone

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6
Q

What are the factors influence stroke volume, which affect cardiac output?

A

preload - the amount of blood returned to heart

afterload- the resistance force that left ventricle has to overcome to eject blood

the cardiac contractility

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7
Q

What are circulating regulators that increase the TPR?

A

hormone: catecholamine family (epinephrine) & angiotensin II

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8
Q

What systems does the catecholamine (epinephrine) stimulate?

A

HR, SV, venous tone, TPR

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9
Q

How does the kidney regulate BP when BP is high?

T/F: kidney can bring BP down even though TPR/CO is very high

A

by increase Na+ & water excretion

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10
Q

What effects the chronic hypertension have on the kidney function?

A

damage the renal tubules & renin-angiotensin- aldosterone (RAA) system -> reduce the kidney’s ability to excrete sodium

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11
Q

What are the local regulators that inhibit/decrease TPR?

A

NO

endothelin

[H+]

adenosine

oxygen

prostaglandins

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12
Q

What are drugs that increase/decrease TPR?

A

alpha-1 : increase

beta-2: decrease

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13
Q

What are the factors influence the venous return?

A

blood volume & venous tone

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14
Q

What are the factors that increase the blood volume?

A

thirst

Na+ & water renal retention

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15
Q

What are the factors that stimulate sodium & water renal retention?

What are the factors that inhibit sodium & water renal retention?

A

aldosterone, ADH & sympathetic system

natriuretic peptides

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16
Q

Drugs that block the formation of angiotensin II or block aldosterone receptors, _____ blood volume

A

reduce

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17
Q

where is the location of baroreceptors?

What system does baroreceptor activate (parasympathetic/ sympathetic)?

A

aortic & carotid sinuses

Both. stimulate parasympathetic system & inhibit sympathetic system

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18
Q

What happen to baroreceptors for chronic hypertension?

A

desensitized baroreceptor

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19
Q

T/F: baroreceptors respond to the long-term increase in BP

A

False

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20
Q

What

A
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21
Q

Describe the activation pathway of angiotensin II

A

Angiotesinogen increases -> angiotensin I activation & react with ACE in the lung -> angiotensin II ->

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22
Q

What chemical in female that help reducing hypertension?

A

estrogen

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23
Q

What is the other name for ADH?

Study These Flashcards
A

vasopressin or arginine vasopressin

24
Q

Where is the ADH released?

Study These Flashcards
A

hypothalamus (pituitary gland)

25
What are the effects of angiotensin II? What do all these effects have in common?
1) stimulate adrenal cortex -\> aldosterone 2) stimulate pituiatary gland -\> ADH & thirst 3) vasoconstriction of arterioles 4) stimulate sympathetic nervous system (release of norepinephrine) 5) stimulate kidney 6) stimulate heart contractility & ventricular hypertrophy - \> increase Na+ & water retention -\> increase BP
26
essential hypertension
the exhibition of BP with no specific physical findings most common form of hypertension (95% of the case)
27
Aldosterone\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Na+ & water retention, \_\_\_\_\_\_ water loss in urine, ________ blood volume
increase reduce increase
28
T/F: Essential hypertension is high concordance in identical twins T/F: ____________ is higher in African american than other races
True True
29
how does insulin resistance cause hypertension?
type 2 diabetes have high blood sugar due to excessive insulin not being taken -\> increase SNS tone & increase vascular resistance
30
T/F: Stress can cause abnormal response in BP increase
True
31
Why does obesity cause hypertension?
increase blood viscosity due to the adipocyte secretion of protein as profibrinogen increase release of angiotensinogen from adipose tissue increase blood volume to body mass high incidence of metabolic syndrome - high triglyceride, low LDL, glucose intolerance
32
What are the primary abnormalities in blood vessel system causing essential hypertension?
reduce nitric oxide secretion increase endothelin production Ion channels defects hyperresponsiveness to catecholamine
32
What are the primary abnormalities in kidney system causing essential hypertension?
RAA system dysfunction ion channels defects (Na+/K+/Cl-)
33
T/F: Less than 60% of American over 60 will have essential hypertension
False
34
What is the characteristic of essential hypertension in age-systole/diastole relation?
Systolic rise with age while diastolic pressure rise and tend to fall slightly after 50
35
In younger hypertensive patients, high BP is driven by _______ CO & _____ TPR. With increasing age, the effect of CO _______ & TPR\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
high & normal declines & increases
36
What is the cause of renovascular hypertension? What are the consequences of this disease?
stenosis of one or both renal arteries obstruct the blood flow to kidney -\> reduce excretion of Na+ & water and increase renin production
37
How can you detect renovascular hypertension?
detecting murmur by stethoscope on spleen, renal arteries or abdominal aorta
38
abdominal bruit
the murmur sound heard at renal arteries, spleen or abdominal aorta due to the turbulence as blood squirt through narrowing renal artery
39
coarctation of aorta what is the consequence of this disease?
the narrowing of part of aorta 1) the BP in head, arm & aortic arch is higher than the descending aorta & distal branches 2) the lower flow to kidneys stimulate renin production -\> increase Na+ & water reabsorption 3) the baroreceptors in carotid & aortic arch desensitize to high BP
40
pheochromocytoma Symptoms??
tumor of adrenal medulla increase release of catecholamine (epinephrine) -\> intermittent vasoconstriction, tachycardia,
41
what is the cause of Cushing's syndrome? T/F: This disease doesn't cause hypertension
glucocorticoid excess False
42
What are the consequences of hypertension?
left ventricular hypertrophy aneurysm organ damages (kidney, retina, cerebrovascular, aorta & peripheral vascular)
43
what type of ventricular hypertrophy it is in hypertension?
44
aneurysm What does it can cause?
ballon-like swelling in an artery stroke (in brain or abdominal aorta) when weakened wall burst
45
What are the non-pharmacologic treaments for hypertension?
diet (high veggies & low fat + sodium) + potassium supplements exercise reduce/quit smoking & alcohol reduction of stress
46
What are the pharmacological treaments for hypertension?
diuretics beta 2-blocker drug ACE inhibitors & Angiotensin II receptors blockers Ca2+ channel blocker alpha-adrenergic receptors inhibitors
47
What is the effect of diuretics on alleviating hypertension?
reduce blood volume -\> decrease BP
48
Tumor in adrenal cortex can cause excess \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
aldosterone
49
T/F: Thyroid hormone abnormalities can cause hypertension Renin is always in the blood stream
True True
50
Renin
the enzyme that circulating in blood to convert angiotesinogen to angiotensin I
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Cardiopulmonary pathology (12 decks)

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