Cardiovascular System (The Heart)

Question 1

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

Answer 1

Transportation, Regulation, Protection

Question 2

Cardiovascualr System Transports

Answer 2

Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide, Nutrients, Waste, Hormones

Question 3

Cardiovascular System Regulates

Answer 3

Temperature & Blood pressure in tissues through Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

Question 4

Cardiovascular System Helps protect us through

Answer 4

Blood clotting and Immune cells

Question 5

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Answer 5

Striated, use a sliding filament mechanism to contract, large mitochondria, connected by intercalated discs

Question 6

Thoracic Cavity is divided in 2

Answer 6

Pleural Cavities x2 and Mediastinum

Question 7

Pleural Cavities Contain

Answer 7

Lungs, Pleura

Question 8

Mediastinum contains

Answer 8

The organs that lie in the center of the chest between the lungs, Ex, pericardium and
heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea

Question 9

Size and Location of Heart

Answer 9

Size of Closed fist,
Location
- 2/3 of its mass lies to the
left of the midsaggital plane
* The apex (pointed end) sits
on the diaphragm
* Base is superior

Question 10

Pericardium

Answer 10

Double Layered Fibrous Sac (Lubricated Space between the 2 layers )
1. Visceral Pericardium - Inner Layers
2. Parietal Pericardium - Outer Layer

Question 11

3 Layers of the Heart

Answer 11

Superficial tp Deepest
1. Epicardium (Visceral layer of the serous pericardium)
2. Myocardium (Cardiac Muscle)
3. Endocardium

Question 12

Coronary Sulcus

Answer 12

Separates Atria from the Ventricles

Question 13

Atrium

Answer 13

Upper Receiving Chambers

Question 14

Ventricles

Answer 14

Discharging Lower Chambers

Question 15

Right Atrium

Answer 15

Receives O2 poor blood from the body

Question 16

Left Atrium

Answer 16

Receives O2 rich blood from the lungs

Question 17

Interventricular Sulcus

Answer 17

Separates left and right ventricles

Question 18

Right Ventricle

Answer 18

Low pressure, pumps low O2 blood into lungs

Question 19

Left Ventricle

Answer 19

High Pressure, Pumps O2 rich blood throughout body, 2-4 times bigger than right ventricle

Question 20

Tricuspid Valve

Answer 20

Between Right Atrium and Ventricle

Question 21

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

Answer 21

between left atrium and ventricle

Question 22

Chordae tendinae

Answer 22

attach to valves and is what causes them to open and close

Question 23

Cardiac Cycle is equivelent to

Answer 23

1 heart beat

Question 24

Cardiac Cycle is controlled by

Answer 24

ANS (autonomic nervous system)

Question 25

Average pulse rate

Answer 25

72 beats per minute

Question 26

Average Duration of Cardiac Cycle

Answer 26

0.8 Seconds

Question 27

Systole phase

Answer 27

Contraction phase of the heart

Question 28

Diastole phase

Answer 28

Relaxation Phase of the heart

Question 29

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

Answer 29

* Pacemaker * located in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava * Causes atria to contract

Question 30

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

Answer 30

located in the right atrium along the lower part of the interatrial septum

Question 31

Bundle of His (AV Bundle)

Answer 31

located in the interventricular septum signal ventricles to contract

Question 32

Purnikje Fibres

Answer 32

located in the walls of the ventricles signal the ventricles to contract

Question 33

ECG has 3 waves

Answer 33

P wave QRS Complex T wave

Question 34

What happens during P wave

Answer 34

Depolarization of the atria, Contraction of atria follows

Question 35

What happens in QRS Complex

Answer 35

Depolarization of the Ventricles, contraction of the ventricles follows

Question 36

What happens in T wave

Answer 36

Repolarization of the Ventricles, Relaxation of the Ventricles

Question 37

QRS complex hides

Answer 37

relaxation of the atria

Question 38

Heart is innervated by both

Answer 38

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nerve fibres

Question 39

Sympathetic Nerve Fibres

Answer 39

* Innervates the entire heart muscle and nodes * Releases Norepinephrine

Question 40

Arrhythmias - What is it and what gets disrupted

Answer 40

* Irregular heart rhythm due to a defect in the conduction system * SA node disrupted

Question 41

Causes of Arrhythmias

Answer 41

* Coronary artery disease – atherosclerosis * Hypertension * Myocardial infarction * Hyperthyroidism * Defective heart valves * Stress * Drugs and chemicals

Question 42

What is Cardiac Output (equation)

Answer 42

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

Question 43

Heart Rate

Answer 43

* influenced by sympathetic (fight of flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) nervous systems

Question 44

Stroke Volume

Answer 44

produced by a heart of average size is around 70 mL

Question 45

What controls the heart (3 things)

Answer 45

- Signal originates in the Medulla Oblongata * Sympathetic impulses increase heart rate and force of contraction * Parasympathetic impulses decrease heart rate.

Question 46

Heart Rate is affected by

Answer 46

- hormones - ions - age, gender, physical fitness & body temperature.

Question 47

Baroreceptors

Answer 47

* Neural receptors that detect blood pressure changes * Location: in the Aortic arch and Carotid arteries * Function: Change in BP = Change in HR