Respiratory System Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Ventilation (Definition)
A
Movement of air into and out of the lungs (bulk flow)
2
Q
Respiration
A
Transporting Oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the external environment
3
Q
External Respiration is
A
Gas exchange (lungs with alveoli)
4
Q
Internal Respiration is
A
Use of Oxygen by cells to make ATP
5
Q
What are the functions of the respiratory system
A
- Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- Regulates blood pH by removing carbon dioxide
- Warms and moistens inhaled air
- Filters particles from inhaled air
- Gives sense of smell
- Produces sound by moving air past the vocal cords
6
Q
What is in Thoracic Cavity? (3 divisions)
A
Pleural Cavities x 2
and Mediastinum
7
Q
What organs are in the mediastinum?
A
Heart, Thymus, Esophagus, Trachea and Bronchi
8
Q
What are the 2 layers of the pleual cavities?
A
- Parietal pleura (covers the thoracic wall)
- Viceral pleura
(covers the outer surface of the lungs)
9
Q
What are the organs in the Upper Respiratory System? (Structural Divisions)
A
- Nose
- Nasal Cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx (voice box)
10
Q
What are the organs in the Lower Respiratory System? (Structural Divisions)
A
- Trachea (windpipe)
- Lungs
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
11
Q
What are the parts of the Conducting Zone? (Functional Divisons)
A
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi (Primary & Secondary)
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
12
Q
What are parts of the Respiratory Zone (Gas exchange sites)
A
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
13
Q
What are the functions of the nasal anatomy?
A
- warms the air entering the lungs
- moistens air eneting the lungs
- sense of smell
- helps with resonance of voice
14
Q
What are the external nares and where do they connect?
A
Nostrils, and they open into the nasal cavity
15
Q
Which bones make up the nasal septum?
A
Ethmoid bone and vomer bone
16
Q
What is the nasal cavity lined with?
A
Lined with olfactory epithelium
17
Q
What opens into the nasal cavity?
A
Paransal Septum
18
Q
What lines the nasal conchae?
A
- lined with mucous that is produced by olfactory mucosa
19
Q
What are 3 features of the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses
A
- narrow grooves
- churn air and trap particles
- current for olfactory receptors
20
Q
What is the 4 parts of the air passage in the nasal anatomy?
A
- External Nares
- Nasal Cavity
- Internal Nares
- Nasopharynx
21
Q
Which bones contain the paranasal sinuses?
A
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary
22
Q
What is pharynx posterior to?
A
The pharynx is posterior to nasal and oral cavities
23
Q
What is the pharynx superior to?
A
Pharynx is superior ot the larynx
24
Q
What is the Pharynx Anterior to?
A
Cervical Vertebrae
25
What are the 3 divisons of the pharynx?
1. Nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
26
What is the Pharynx connected to?
Nasal Cavities, Mouth, Esophagus, Larynx and Eustachian tubes
27
What is the Pharynx a passageway for?
1. Food
2. Liquid
3. Air
28
What provides immune protection in the pharynx?
Tonsils
29
What are 2 parts of the Nasopharynx?
- Phayngeal tonsils (adenoids)
- Eustachian tube openings
30
What are 2 parts of the oropharynx?
- Palatine Tonsils ('the tonsils')
- Lingual Tonsils
31
The Laryngopharynx streches from...
Hyoid bone, to the esophagus posteriorly, Larynx anteriorly
32
The larynx streches from which vertebrae, to which vertebrae?
From C4-C6
33
What are the 4 incomplete cartilage in the larynx?
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Epiglottis
- Arytenoid (corniculate)
34
What is the largest cartilage in the larynx and what is its common name?
Thyroid, Adams Apple
35
What type of cartilage is in the thyroid?
Hyaline Cartilage
36
What connects the Hyoid bone to the thyroid?
Ligaments
37
What cartilage of the larynx is inferior to the thyroid?
Cricoid
38
What direction does the Cricoid expand?
Posteriorly
39
Where does the Epiglottis attach to?
Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
40
What does the Epiglottis cover?
Glottis
41
Arytenoid is superior to the
Cricoid
42
Where does the Arytenoid attach to?
The true vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles
43
What does the Arytenoid assist with?
It assists in voice production
44
The Arytenoid is paired (True or False)
True
45
Where do the vocal cords attach?
They attach to the arytenoid cartilage
46
What length of vertebrae does the trachea strech?
C6-T5
47
What is the function of the Trachea?
Conducts air from the larynx thriugh mediastinum and ends at the carina
48
What is special about the cartilage in the trachea?
It is made of 16-20 incomplete cartilage rings
49
What do the C shapped rings in the Trachea assist with?
- Prevent it from collapsing
- Allows for exapnsion of the esophagus during swallowing
50
What is the inner layer of the trachea made of?
Respiratory Mucosa, the pseudostratified epithelial tissue contatins goblet cells and cilia
51
What is in the middle layer of the trachea?
- Cartilaginous rings
- Trachealis muscle runs posteriorly
- Fibroelastic vertical connection between C rings
52
What is the external layer of the Trachea made of?
Fibrous connective tissue
53
Where is the Carina located?
At the sternal angle (T5)
54
Where is the Hilus located?
Where CV structures and primary bronchi enter lungs
55
What are the differences between the right and left primary bronchi?
The right primary bronchi wider, shorter and more vertical
56
How many secondary bronchi are in each lung?
1 per lobe (2 in the left and 3 on the right)
57
What marks the end of the conducting zone?
Terminal bronchioles
58
Why is cartilage replaced with smooth muscle in Bronchioles?
To allow for dilation and constriction
59
What is each lobe supplied by?
Secondary bronchus
60
The tertiary bronchi supply
smaller segments of the lobes
61
What do lobules contain?
1. Lymphatic vessel
2. Arteriole
3. Venule
4. Branch from the terminal bronchiole
62
What are the gas exchange sites in the lungs?
Bronchioles and Alveoli
63
Type 1 Alveolar cells are lined by
a continuous layer, one cell thick, of flat epithelial cells
64
What do type 2 Alveolar cells produce?
Surfactant
65
What muscles are used for inhalation in quiet breathing?
Diaphragm (contracts) and External Intercostals
66
what muscles are used in exhalation in quiet breathing?
Diaphragm relaxes and External Intercostals relax
67
What 2 muscles help with forced inhalation during exercise?
1. Sternocleidmastoid
2. Scalenes
68
What 2 muscles contract during forced exhalation
- Internal intercostals
- Abdominal
69
Intrapleural pressure is always .............. less than alveolar pressure (at neutral)
4 mmHG
70
What does compliance mean in reference to lungs?
The ability of the lungs to stretch or expand
71
What are the 2 major determinants of lung compliance?
1. Strechability
2. Surface tension at the air-water interfaces within the alveoli (surfactant)
72
What does type 2 alveolar cells produce?
Surfactant
73
What does surfactant do in the alveoli?
-lowers the surface tension
- Increases lung compliance
74
What is the amount of dead space (the amount of air that does not reach the Alveoli) in adults?
150 ml
75
What is the amount of dead space (the amount of air that does not reach the Alveoli) in children?
100 ml
76
Definition of Alveolar Ventilation
The volume of gas expired from the alveoli to the outside of the body per minute
77
What percentage of CO2 is transported dissolved in plasma?
10%
78
What percentage of CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin?
25%
79
What percentage of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions?
65%
80
What happens when bicarbonate leaves red cells and enter plasma?
Cl- ions enter the red blood cell to balance the charge chloride hsidt
81
Most H+ ions stay in the red blood cells attached to?
Hemoglobin
82
What causes H+ ions to occur in increased amounts?
Exercise
83
What is the CO2 and ph level like when someone has hyperventilation?
Hyperventilation means Hypocapnia - low CO2
Hyperventilation means respiratory alkalosis - high blood ph
84
What are the symptoms of Hyperventilation?
Dizziness, tingling in fingers, toes, and face, and weakness, and may cause fainting
85
What is the CO2 and ph level like when someone has hypoventilation?
Hypercapnia - high CO2
Respiratory Acidosis - low blood pH
86
What is the main regulatory centre for breathing?
Medulla Oblongota
87
What is the breathing pacemaker?
(VRG) Ventral respiratory group
88
What signals inspiratory muscles?
Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG)
89
What helps fine tune breathing?
Pons
90
What does the upper pons (Pnuemotaxic centre) modulate?
It modulates lower pons and makes breathing smooth
91
What does the lower pons (apneustic centre) do?
fine tunes signals from medulla to inspiratory muscles
92
What do strech recepetors prevent?
Over inflation
93
Peripheral chemoreceptors are located where?
In carotid arteries and aortic arch
94
What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?
O2 , CO2 and H+ concentration
95
Where are the central chemoreceptors?
medulla oblongota
96
Central chemoreceptors detect?
High CO2 by detecting high H+ in CSF
97
Where does voluntary control of breathing originate?
cerebral cortex (frontal lobe)
98
What is COPD?
Chronic, Obstructive Oulmonary Disease
99
What are 3 examples of COPD?
- Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis
- Combination of both
100
What is Emphyseman typically caused by?
Smoking
101
What does Emphysema cause?
* Destruction of alveolar walls (less surface area)
* Loss in elastic ability to exhale
102
What is chronic bronchitis?
excessive mucus production in the bronchi and chronic
inflammatory changes in the small airways
103
What is chronic bronchits caused by?
obstruction from accumulation of mucus in the airways and thickening of the inflamed airways
