Cardiovascular week 3

Question 1

What are the three different inferior mediastinums?

Answer 1

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

Question 2

Boundary of the inferior mediastinum

Answer 2

sternal angle -T4 line down to diaphragm

Question 3

What is in the anterior mediastinum

Answer 3

thymus

Question 4

What is in the middle mediastinum

Answer 4

heart

Question 5

What is in the posterior mediastinum

Answer 5

Veins
Arteries
Nerves-sympathetic trunk
Lymphatics

Question 6

Superior mediastinum

Answer 6

1st rib to sternal angle or T4

infection via the danger space

Question 7

Sympathetic trunk of the posterior mediastinum

Answer 7

Pre-ganglionic axons, post-ganglionic neurons destined for sweat glands, head, neck, heart and lungs

Question 8

Greater splanchnic nerve (posterior mediastinum)

Answer 8

T5 to T9
These originate in the lateral horn
They course thru but do not synapse in the T5-T9 ganglia but with pre-aortic ganglion
-they gather and course down to the abdomenie: celiac or superior mesenteric ganglion

Question 9

Lesser splanchnic nerve

Answer 9

T10-T11
These originate in the lateral horn
**They course thru but DO NOT synapse in the T10-T11 ganglia but rather synapse with pre-aortic ganglion
ie: celiac or superior mesenteric ganglion

Question 10

Least splanchnic nerve

Answer 10

T12
These originate in the lateral horn
**They course thru BUT DO NOT synapse in the T12 ganglion but rather with the pre aortic ganglion
ie: aorticorenal ganglia

Question 11

Azygos system of veins

Answer 11

Accessory hemiazygos veins (Starts around T5)
Azygos vein (around T4)
Hemiazygos vein

Question 12

What drains into into the azygos vein?

Answer 12

Posterior intercostal veins

Question 13

What drains into the internal thoracic vein?

Answer 13

anterior intercostal veins

Question 14

Is it possible for the anterior and posterior intercostal veins to anastomose?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

Thoracic lymphatic duct

Answer 15

drains lymph from all tissues of the body except the right side of head, neck, chest and arm.
Bulge near diaphragm is the cisterna chyli

Question 16

What arteries come off the descending aorta that feed the posterior thoracic cavity?

Answer 16

posterior intercostal arteries

Question 17

What arteries come off the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 17

anterior intercostal arteries

Question 18

Where do the internal thoracic arteries come from?

Answer 18

subclavian arteries

Question 19

What are important things around T4

Answer 19

trachea and primary bronchi
pulmonary arteries
aortic arch

Question 20

The brachiocephalic trunk branches into what two arteries?

Answer 20

R. common carotid

R. subclavian

Question 21

The left branch of aorta is what?

Answer 21

Left common carotid
Left subclavian
descending aorta
NO left subclavian artery***

Question 22

True/False

You have both a right and left brachiocephalic vein but only a right brachiocephalic artery?

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What are the three layers that surround the heart from superficial to deep

Answer 23

fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium

Question 24

The pericardial space is between what two serous layers?

Answer 24

Parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium

Question 25

What are the 3 ways blood gets into the right atrium?

Answer 25

SVC IVC Coronary sinus

Question 26

What are the 3 names of the valve that separate the left atrium and ventricle?

Answer 26

bicuspid mitral left AV

Question 27

What are the two anatomical structures that are important associated with the AV valves?

Answer 27

Chordae tendinae Papillary muscles These tighten with blood is forced out of the ventricles!!

Question 28

What is the S1 sound?

Answer 28

the AV valves closing

Question 29

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

Answer 29

to prevent the blood from flowing back into the ventricles

Question 30

What is the S2 sound?

Answer 30

the semilunar valves closing

Question 31

What does diastole mean?

Answer 31

ventricular filing

Question 32

what does systole mean?

Answer 32

Ventricular contraction | think systole=squeeze

Question 33

Where do you listen to the S2 and S1 sounds

Answer 33

S2 at second rib on either side of sternal angle aortic valve on right of sternum and pulmonary valve on left of sternum S1 at the fifth rib just left of sternal body Tricuspid valve more medial and bicuspid more lateral. Remember All Politicians Take Bribes A= aortic P= pulmonary T=tricuspid B=bicuspid

Question 34

Coronary circulation on the right?

Answer 34

Right coronary artery to right marginal artery and posteriorly to the Posterior descending artery (PDA)

Question 35

Coronary circulation on the left?

Answer 35

Left coronary artery splits into the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the left circumflex artery

Question 36

What are the two cardiac veins?

Answer 36

the Great cardiac vein (anterior) The middle cardiac vein (posterior) these flow into the coronary sinus which then flows into the right atrium

Question 37

sympathetic innervation of the heart

Answer 37

vasodialation and increased heart rate with increases in force of contractions via: thoracic sympathetic cardiac nerve (T1-T4) and cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve(T1) **nerve path:T1-T4 (T5) sympathetic chain to cervical and thoracic sympathetic nerve.

Question 38

parasympathetic innervation of the heart

Answer 38

vasoconstriction, decreases heart rate, decreases force of contraction. **nerve path: Medulla to vagus nerve to intramural ganglion

Question 39

conduction of heart

Answer 39

Sinuatrial node to AtrioVentricular node to Bundle of HIS

Question 40

What happens when the heart suffers damage?

Answer 40

visceral sensory follows the visceral sympathetic motor (T1-T4) and thus you have referred pain from the dermatomes of T1-T4 when it follows the vagus nerve route can causes tooth, neck and jaw pain