Cardiovascular_System_Brainscape

Question 1

What three things must happen to maintain muscle energy supply?

Answer 1

Nutrients and oxygen must be delivered, and waste products must be removed.

Question 2

What are the four primary roles of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

1. Transport oxygen to tissues
2. Transport CO₂ from tissues
3. Transport nutrients
4. Remove waste products

Question 3

What is the function of the heart?

Answer 3

To pump blood throughout the body.

Question 4

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 4

Left and right atria (receive blood); left and right ventricles (pump blood).

Question 5

What does the right atrium do?

Answer 5

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Question 6

What does the right ventricle do?

Answer 6

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

Question 7

What does the left atrium do?

Answer 7

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.

Question 8

What does the left ventricle do?

Answer 8

Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the entire body via the aorta.

Question 9

Which ventricle has thicker walls and why?

Answer 9

Left ventricle, because it pumps blood throughout the entire body.

Question 10

What generates the electrical signal that causes the heart to contract?

Answer 10

The sinus node (SA node) in the right atrium.

Question 11

What is an action potential in the heart?

Answer 11

An electrical charge that causes the heart muscle to contract.

Question 12

What pathway does the heart’s electrical impulse follow?

Answer 12

Sinus node → Atria → AV node → Purkinje fibers → Ventricles

Question 13

Why do the atria contract before the ventricles?

Answer 13

To ensure blood is pumped efficiently from atria to ventricles.

Question 14

What system controls heart rate in response to emotions and stimuli?

Answer 14

The autonomic nervous system.

Question 15

What are some factors the autonomic system responds to for HR control?

Answer 15

Emotional changes, blood CO₂/O₂ levels, proprioceptive input.

Question 16

What is a typical resting heart rate?

Answer 16

60–85 bpm (normal range 50–100 bpm).

Question 17

What is tachycardia?

Answer 17

Resting heart rate > 100 bpm.

Question 18

What is bradycardia?

Answer 18

Resting heart rate < 60 bpm.

Question 19

What is blood pressure?

Answer 19

The force exerted by blood on vessel walls.

Question 20

What is systolic pressure?

Answer 20

The pressure during heart contraction (average = 120 mmHg).

Question 21

What is diastolic pressure?

Answer 21

The pressure during heart relaxation (average = 80 mmHg).

Question 22

What is stroke volume?

Answer 22

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat.

Question 23

How is cardiac output calculated?

Answer 23

Heart rate × Stroke volume (measured in L/min).

Question 24

How does HR respond to increasing exercise intensity?

Answer 24

It increases directly with intensity until max HR is reached.

Question 25

How is maximum heart rate estimated?

Answer 25

220 minus age.

Question 26

What is the peripheral circulatory system?

Answer 26

The blood vessels that regulate blood flow and distribution.

Question 27

What is the function of arteries?

Answer 27

Carry blood away from the heart.

Question 28

What are arterioles and capillaries?

Answer 28

Arterioles branch into capillaries, which exchange gases and nutrients.

Question 29

What do capillaries allow?

Answer 29

Exchange of O₂, nutrients, and removal of waste and CO₂.

Question 30

How do veins function?

Answer 30

Return blood to the heart with the help of one-way valves.

Question 31

What is vasodilation?

Answer 31

Widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow.

Question 32

What is vasoconstriction?

Answer 32

Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

Question 33

How is blood distributed at rest?

Answer 33

50% to the liver/kidneys, 15% to muscles.

Question 34

How is blood distributed during heavy endurance training?

Answer 34

Up to 80% of blood goes to muscles.

Question 35

How does exercise affect systolic and diastolic pressure?

Answer 35

Systolic pressure increases (>200 mmHg), diastolic changes very little.

Question 36

What are the components of blood?

Answer 36

55% plasma, 45% formed elements (mostly red blood cells).

Question 37

What is the role of hemoglobin?

Answer 37

Transports oxygen from lungs to tissues and CO₂ back to lungs.

Question 38

How does exercise increase HR?

Answer 38

Signals from proprioceptors and CO₂ levels stimulate the medulla to increase HR.

Question 39

How does muscle activity affect venous return?

Answer 39

Muscle contraction increases venous return (muscle pump effect).

Question 40

What is ventricular preload and why is it important?

Answer 40

It’s the filling of the ventricles; more preload leads to stronger contractions and more blood ejected.

Question 41

What happens to the heart with sustained exercise?

Answer 41

The ventricles hypertrophy, increasing stroke volume and reducing resting HR.

Question 42

What other adaptations come from endurance training?

Answer 42

Increased red blood cells and capillary networks.