Midterm 2 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
BMI
A
weight relative to height
2
Q
BMI formula
A
Weight (kg) / Height Squared (m^2)
3
Q
Designated Obese BMI
A
> 30
4
Q
Increased risk of disease BMI
A
> 25
5
Q
Crural Index
A
lower leg relative to upper leg
6
Q
Brachial index
A
lower arm relative to upper arm
7
Q
Androgyny index
A
shoulders relative to hips
8
Q
why are children more cold sensitive
A
they have larger surface area relative to volume
9
Q
most common model in body composition analyses is the 2 component model of the body which groups all tissues into
A
Lean Body Mass
Fat Body Mass
10
Q
Lean Body Mass
A
includes skeletal muscle, bone, water
11
Q
Fat body mass
A
storage fat vs essential fat
12
Q
storage fat
A
accumulates as adipose, is an energy reserve, and protects organs
13
Q
essential fat
A
bone marrow, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, intestines, muscle
14
Q
female hip shape
A
gynoid (pear)
15
Q
male hip shape
A
android (apple)
16
Q
gold standard for all methods of body composition calculations
A
Hydrostatic
17
Q
archimedes principle
A
amount of water spilled equals volume in space that body occupies
18
Q
density =
A
mass / volume
19
Q
air displacement has to correct for
A
air in the lungs (residual volume)
air in the gastrointestinal tract
20
Q
bioelectric impedence
A
influenced by hydration level; based on differences between fat free mass and fat mass
21
Q
Skinfold thickness
A
% body fat calculations
sum of skinfolds
22
Q
three types of somatotyping
A
endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy
23
Q
sex difference for somatotypes
A
males - mesomorphic
females - endomorphic
24
Q
endomorphic
A
roundness
25
mesomorphic
muscularity
26
ectomorphic
linearity
27
functional unit of a muscle
sarcomere
28
muscle contraction (2 points)
sarcomeres shortening
actin sliding over myosin
29
crossbridge formation
signal comes from motor nerve activating fibre, heads of myosin attach themselves to actin filaments
30
crossbridge movement
shortening of the sarcomeres, shortening of each sarcomere is additive
31
outer membrane of a muscle fibre
sarcolemma
32
if fewer cross bridges form
less muscular tension
33
net like labyrinth of tubules inside muscle fiber
sarcoplasmic reticulum
34
connective tissue (3 points)
- composed of collagen
- surrounds all myofibrils, muscle fibres
- continous with tendon that joins muscle to bone
35
attached to bones to create movement
muscles
36
strong fibrous tissues that attach muscle to bone
tendons
37
for muscle to contract, needs a drive mechanism called:
a motor unit / motor endplate
38
synapses
gaps between adjoining nerves
39
impulses cross gap (______) to innervate muscle
motor end plate
40
gaps crossed using neurotransmitter _______
Acetylcholine (Ach)
41
impulse travels
over the sarcolemma
through t-tubules
causing calcium to be released
42
slow twitch
contract slowly, fatigue resistant, lower power
43
fast twitch
contract quickly, fatigue quickly, generates greater force
44
colours of fibres
fast - white
slow - red
45
muscle biopsy shows that FT fibres have more:
dense packed myofibrils (Glycogenic)
large diameter
46
muscle biopsy shows that ST fibres have more:
capillaries (blood vessels, oxidative)
small diameter
47
Fill in:
_____________ connects to __________ via t-tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcolemma
48
contractions are driven by neural impulses called
action potentials
49
when a sarcomere shortens during contraction
concentric
50
when a sarcomere lengthens contraction
eccentric
51
5 Steps in muscle contraction
1. Acetylcholine released
2. Action potential reaches t-tubule
3. SR releases Calcium from storage
4. Active site exposure, cross-bridging
5. Contraction begins
52
Central NS
brain + spinal cord
53
Peripheral NS
all neural tissue outside CNS that connects the CNS w/ the rest of the body
54
cerebral cortex
plans and initiates VOLUNTARY motor activity
55
cerebellum
coordinates complex motor patterns
56
medulla
brain stem and spinal cord, simple cranial and spinal reflexes, regulates cardiovascular/respiratory systems
57
sensory cortex
collects info from various sensors throughout body AND TRANSMITS TO THE BRAIN
58
motor cortex
conducts signals to activate MUSCLE CONTRACTION (brain to muscle)
59
efferent impulse
carry signals from motor cortex to muscles
60
muscle fibre contains _________ made up of _________
myofibrils
contractile proteins
61
greatest muscle soreness
eccentric
62
greatest hypertrophy
eccentric
63
which type of contraction generates the greatest force? In Order
Eccentric
Isometric
Concentric
64
define flexibility
range of motion about a joint or series of joints
65
afferent impulse
starts at receptor and carries a signal to the sensory cortex in the brain
66
receptors for the proprioceptive system
muscle spindles
golgi tendon organ
joint capsule receptors
67
muscle spindles role
sense stretch
68
golgi tendon organ role
sense tension (to relax muscle)
69
joint capsule receptors role
sense compression
70
essential fat average in males
3% of body weight
71
essential fat average in females
12% of body weight
72
% of storage fat that accumulates as adipose in males and females
male 12%
female 15%
73
universal energy donor / currency
ATP
74
physical fitness
the ability of the body to adjust to the demands & stresses of physical effort
measure of one's physical health
75
physical activity
any movement carried out by the SKELETAL muscles that results in energy expenditure
76
exercise
planned or structured physical activity that usually involves repetitive bodily movements with the goal of improving physical fitnesss
77
four components of fitness
strength
power
flexibility
muscular endurance
78
strength
the max. force a muslce can generate in 1 contraction in no time limit
79
strength can be increased via
myogenesis
80
myogenesis
development of muscular tissue
81
hypertrophy
growth of muscle by increasing # of contractile proteins
82
is hypertrophy an increase in the # of muscle fibres, and why
NO, only increases the # of contractile proteins
83
by increasing contractile protein
of fibres doesnt change, but the density of contractile protein in myofibrils increases
84
neurogenesis
increasing the neural signals to the muscle by concentrating on high speed or high force contractions
85
resistance training
training using an opposing force
86
disadvantage of calisthenics
no external resistance + lack of programming
87
when muscle force equals the load
isometric
88
when muscle force exceeds the load
concentric
89
when muscle is shortened
concentric
90
when muscle force is less than the load
eccentric
91
when muscle is lengthened
eccentric
92
diminished strength and balance is associated with
muscle loss
93
maximal force changes as
joint angle changes
94
if we want maximum force at all angles...
must use variable resistance (different resistance @ different angles)
95
why do females generally have less relative strength
they have greater adiposity, and males have better hypertrophy
96
power
maximum force a muscle generates in minimum time
97
integration of myogenic and neurogenic
power training
98
greater internal force =
greater ability to overcome external resistance + faster acceleration
99
how do muscle fibres respond to high resistance training
fibres increase in DIAMETER
100
before training power:
train muscular endurance, contraction speed and strength
101
muscular endurance
ability to resist fatigue in strength performance of long duration (high repetitions)
102
repetitive contractions result in metabolic adaptations to supply a continuous supply of energy, thus:
increase mitochondria
increased stores of glycogen + fats
increased aerobic enzymes
increased capillaries
103
passive ROM
ROM attained w/ external force
104
active ROM
ROM attained w/ internal force
105
passive shows that
tissues are elongated
106
what limits range of motion
bony articulations, tissues (muscle + connective tissue), myotatic reflex
107
collagen
structure and support, increases as we age
108
elastin
stretch ability protein, rubberband like
109
increased collagen means
reduced elastability
110
fast stretching elicits
stretch reflex
111
motor units
group of fibres activated by the same nerve (all fibres must be the same type)
112
steps in afferent impulse
receptor --> spinal tract --> medulla --> sensory cortex --> cerebellum --> spinal reflex
113
vestibular system
tells us where body is in space
114
proprioceptive system
tells us where body parts are relative to our body
115
semi circular canals are apart of ____
vestibular system
116
steps in efferent impulse
cerebrum (motor cortex) --> cerebellum --> medulla --> spinal tract and specific nerve --> motor endplate
117
muscles are driven by neural impulses which can be:
volitional or reflexive
118
reflexive impulse
protects from pain/stretch/injury
119
volitional impulse
sensory neurons send info
120
hydrolysis of ATP
breakdown of atp to adp by use of water
121
what happens to atp during hydrolysis
phosphate (P) released from ATP
122
3 energy systems
stored phosphocreatine
anaerobic glycolytic system
aerobic oxidative system
123
biochemical processes that need energy (ATP)
muscular work
thermoregulation
digestion
124
what can be broken down to create energy
carbohydrates and fats; as well as stored proteins ONLY when under starvation
125
duration of stored phosphocreatine
7-12 seconds
126
stored phosphocreatine
produce very large amount of energy in short time
127
anaerobic glycolysis starts when
the reserves of high energy phosphate compounds fall to a low level
128
where does anaerobic glycolysis occur
sarcoplasm (free fluid of muscle)
129
anaerobic glycolysis duration
20 seconds to 3 minutes
130
byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis
2 molecules of lactic acid
131
products of anaerobic glycolysis per molecule glucose
2 molecules of ATP
132
lactic acid is used to store...
pyruvate and hydrogen ions until they can be processed by aerobic system
133
method of lactate elimination
increasing muscle blood flow
train ability to metabloize lactate and rate of diffusion
134
where does aerobic production occur
mitochondria
135
how can you increase aerobic ATP production with training
increase number of mitochondria
136
how much more ATP does aerobic process produces relative to anaerobic
18 times more ATP (36 per glucose molecule)
137
krebs cycle takes place in
mitochondria
138
cori cycle takes place in
liver
139
how much energy yield from 1 molecule of fat
460 ATP molecules
140
downside of fat breakdown relative to glucose
harder to breakdown
141
krebs cycle
production of atp in mitochondria of cells (muscle cells in this case) using cho and fats
142
cori cycle
lactic acid is taken to the liver to be metabolized back into pyruvic acid and then glucoses
143
substrates for aerobic system
glycogen and glucose
triglycerides and fatty acids
144
each gram of fat contains
9 calories
145
aerobic system duration
MORE than 3 minutes
146
myoglobin
stores O2 in muscles
147
measure of maximal volume of oxygen that can be consumed in a given time per kilogram of body mass
VO2 Max (ml/min/kg)
148
factors which contribute to high aerobic power
cardiac output (HR x Stroke volume)
Arterial oxygen content
ability to extract oxygen from blood
149
calculate anaerobic alactate power output
bike ergometer - 10 second all-out test
150
calculate anaerobic energy power output
wingate test - all out 30 seconds
