Cardiovascuular

Question 1

In a laboratory, students used a stimulus that decreased the distance between R waves on an ECG. This represents a _____.

increased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate
decreased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate
decreased length of time for one heartbeat and decreased heart rate
increased length of time for one heartbeat and decreased heart rate

Answer 1

decreased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate

Question 2

Which of the following is the correct description of a myocardial infarction and what it is caused by?

A region of heart muscle dies due to a lack of blood supply.
A region of muscle becomes inactive due to a lack of neuronal stimulation.
A region of heart muscle dies due to a lack of glucose supply.
A region of heart muscle becomes overly active.

Answer 2

A region of heart muscle dies due to a lack of blood supply.

Question 3

How does administration of nitroglycerine help someone that might be suffering from a myocardial infarction?

Nitroglycerine will constrict the coronary vessels, which will increase blood flow to the heart muscle.
Nitroglycerine will dilate the coronary vessels, which will decrease blood flow to the heart muscle.
Nitroglycerine will constrict the coronary vessels, which will decrease blood flow to the heart muscle.
Nitroglycerine will dilate the coronary vessels, which will increase blood flow to the heart muscle.

Answer 3

Nitroglycerine will dilate the coronary vessels, which will increase blood flow to the heart muscle.

Question 4

Although the lab results from Walter’s blood work will take an hour, the ER physician is certain that Walter has had a myocardial infarction. How did he reach this diagnosis without knowing the results of the blood work?

Walter expressed pain and tightness in his chest.
Walter was very clammy, pale, and incoherent.
The ECG of Walter’s heart showed the signs of a myocardial infarction.
Walter had a bluish tint to his skin when he came in to the ER.

Answer 4

The ECG of Walter’s heart showed the signs of a myocardial infarction.

Question 5

What would a balloon angioplasty do to the resistance in Walter’s affected coronary vessel and how would this improve his condition?

decrease; increased blood flow to the myocardium
decrease; decreased blood flow to the myocardium
increase; increased blood flow to the myocardium
increase; decreased blood flow to the myocardium

Answer 5

decrease; increased blood flow to the myocardium

Question 6

Arteries are most accurately defined as blood vessels that carry __________.

blood away from the heart
deoxygenated blood
blood toward the heart
highly oxygenated blood

Answer 6

blood away from the heart

Question 7

Which of the following is the best definition of an artery?

A vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
A vessel that carries blood to the heart
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart
A vessel that carries oxygenated blood

Answer 7

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Question 8

Which blood vessels return blood to the heart?

Veins
Atria
Capillaries
Arteries

Answer 8

Veins

Question 9

Choose the correct order in which blood would make contact with the following structures as it traveled from the left atrium through the blood vessels and back to the right atrium.
1) Abdominal aorta
2) Ascending arteries
3) Inferior vena cava
4) Hepatic artery
5) Superior vena cava
6) Left ventricle
7) Ascending veins

4, 3, 2, 7, 6, 1
5, 7, 3, 1, 6, 4, 2
6, 1, 4, 7, 3
1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 6

Answer 9

6, 1, 4, 7, 3

Question 10

The first branch off the aorta represents which blood vessel(s)?

Pulmonary artery
Hepatic artery
Superior vena cava
Coronary arteries

Answer 10

Coronary arteries

Question 11

A patient is given a β1 receptor agonist. What would you expect to find?

Decreased heart rate and decreased cardiac output
Increased heart rate and increased cardiac output
Decreased heart rate and increased cardiac output
Increased heart rate and decreased cardiac output

Answer 11

Increased heart rate and increased cardiac output

Question 12

Mr. Cortez takes his blood pressure for two weeks and gets an average of 160/100. A normal blood pressure should be slightly lower than 120/80 what is the term used to describe Mr. Cortez’s condition?

hypertension
highertensive
hypotension
lowertensive

Answer 12

hypertension

Question 13

Which of the following conditions can result from chronic hypertension?

heart failure
stroke
kidney failure
heart failure and stroke
heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure

Answer 13

heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure

Question 14

Which parameter associated with mean arterial blood pressure will angiotensin II directly affect? How will this parameter change? What will it do to MAP?

total peripheral resistance; increase; decrease
total peripheral resistance; increase; increase
cardiac output; decrease; increase
cardiac output; increase; increase

Answer 14

total peripheral resistance; increase; increase

Question 15

Beta blockers and Ca++ channel blockers can both be prescribed to Mr. Cortez in order to help with his hypertension. What ONE parameter will both of these medicines have a common effect on?

total peripheral resistance
blood volume
cardiac output
None of the listed responses is correct.

Answer 15

cardiac output

Question 16

Which tissue in the walls of blood vessels allows for regulation of vessel diameter?

Epithelial tissue
Cardiac muscle
Neural tissue
Smooth muscle

Answer 16

Smooth muscle

Question 17

Which blood vessels allow blood to move directly from the arterial to the venous circulation?

Collateral arteries
Venules
Metarterioles
Precapillary sphincters

Answer 17

Metarterioles

Question 18

During exercise, cardiac output may increase by more than 170 % to meet the body’s increased O2 demands. This increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure. But the accompanying increase in arterial pressure is relatively small—only about 40 % . What limits this increase in blood pressure so that it doesn’t reach dangerously high levels during exercise?

Blood volume decreases due to sweating.
Blood vessels shorten in the contracting skeletal muscles.
Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle.
Hematocrit decreases as more interstitial fluid enters the blood vessels.

Answer 18

Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle.

Question 19

A patient is vomiting and has diarrhea. Which would you expect?

Decreased blood volume and increased blood pressure
Increased blood volume and decreased blood pressure
Increased blood volume and increased blood pressure
Decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure

Answer 19

Decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure

Question 20

What maintains the driving pressure on blood while the heart is NOT contracting (ventricular diastole)?

Stretching of the muscular arteries
Closing of the semilunar valves
Constriction of the arterioles
Recoil of the elastic arteries

Answer 20

Recoil of the elastic arteries

Question 21

Which is the correct relationship among pressure, flow, and resistance?

Flow is inversely proportional to change in pressure and directly proportional to resistance.
Flow is directly proportional to change in both pressure and resistance.
Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance.
Flow is inversely proportional to change in both pressure and resistance.

Answer 21

Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance.

Question 22

Using a sphygmomanometer, a nurse measures a patient’s blood pressure as 134/86. What are the patient’s pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure?

PP = 1.56 mm Hg and MAP = 48 mm Hg
PP = 24, but MAP cannot be determined from the information given
PP = 48 mm Hg and MAP = 102 mm Hg
PP = 86 mm Hg and MAP = 134 mm Hg

Answer 22

PP = 48 mm Hg and MAP = 102 mm Hg

Question 23

A patient has a hemorrhage and loses a large volume of the blood. Which compensatory mechanisms would you expect?

Vasodilation and increased kidney fluid output in urine
Increased kidney fluid output in urine and increased parasympathetic activity
Vasoconstriction and decreased kidney fluid output in the urine
Vasodilation and increased release of epinephrine

Answer 23

Vasoconstriction and decreased kidney fluid output in the urine

Question 24

What effect would an increase in blood volume have on the resistance to blood flow?

Resistance would increase, because more blood would be harder to push through the vessels.
Resistance would increase, because the increased volume would stretch the arteries to a greater degree.
Resistance would decrease, since the greater volume would cause the veins to stretch more.
There would be no effect; blood volume and resistance to blood flow are not directly linked.

Answer 24

There would be no effect; blood volume and resistance to blood flow are not directly linked

Question 25

Hours after a surgery, a patient is taken for a walk around the hospital floor. What effect would an increase in venous return have on mean arterial pressure? It would increase it, by increasing total peripheral resistance. It would increase it, by shifting blood from the veins into the arteries. It would decrease it, by keeping blood in the veins. The veins do not have any effect on MAP.

Answer 25

It would increase it, by shifting blood from the veins into the arteries.

Question 26

Which type of vessel changes most to regulate resistance to blood flow? Why? Arteries, because of the large amount of muscle in their walls Arterioles, because they are the only type of vessel with an adjustable diameter Arterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls Veins, because they are the lowest-pressure vessels and can thus develop greater pressure increases with regulation

Answer 26

Arterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls

Question 27

What is the mechanism behind myogenic autoregulation in vascular smooth muscle? When cells stretch, mechanically gated cation channels open, depolarizing the cell, resulting in contraction. Increased blood flow stimulates the release of paracrine factors that vasodilate local vessels. Stretch causes depolarization of local neurons, which in turn depolarize the smooth muscle cells in the area. Increased blood flow through an arteriole delivers more oxygen and glucose, making the smooth muscle cells more likely to contract.

Answer 27

When cells stretch, mechanically gated cation channels open, depolarizing the cell, resulting in contraction.

Question 28

What causes active hyperemia? Occluded blood flow causes a dramatic drop in tissue O2 and high levels of CO2 and H+, causing endothelial cells to release NO. Increased metabolism results in a local increase in CO2. Blood loss causes skeletal muscle hypoxia, which leads to adenosine release and vasodilation. The production of NO and O2 by tissues causes vasoconstriction due to enhanced vascular smooth muscle contraction.

Answer 28

Increased metabolism results in a local increase in CO2.

Question 29

A patient takes a beta2 receptor antagonist. Which of the following would you expect? Vasodilation in blood vessels supplying the gastrointestinal tract Vasodilation in blood vessels supplying the liver Vasoconstriction in blood vessels supplying the liver Vasoconstriction in blood vessels supplying the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 29

Vasoconstriction in blood vessels supplying the liver

Question 30

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata carotid sinus and aortic arch The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Answer 30

carotid sinus and aortic arch

Question 31

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity increased PNS and SNS activity increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

Answer 31

increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

Question 32

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 32

decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 33

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? a decrease in blood pressure vasodilation of arteries a decrease in cardiac output an increase in heart rate and contractility

Answer 33

an increase in heart rate and contractility

Question 34

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? an increase in heart contractility a decrease in cardiac output a decrease in heart rate vasodilation of arterioles

Answer 34

an increase in heart contractility

Question 35

If increased blood pressure stimulated the baroreceptor reflex, which changes would occur? Decreased vessel diameter, increased resistance, and decreased cardiac output Increased vessel diameter, increased resistance, and increased cardiac output Decreased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output Increased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output

Answer 35

Increased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output

Question 36

If there were a sudden increase in blood volume, what would the baroreceptors do, and what would be the effect of that reflex? Increase firing rate; increased myocardial contractility Decrease firing rate; decreased myocardial contractility Decrease firing rate; decreased heart rate Increase firing rate; decreased myocardial contractility

Answer 36

Increase firing rate; decreased myocardial contractility

Question 37

Which of the following cardiovascular control factors contribute to changes in blood pressure? Select all that apply. volume of blood in body heart rate body temperature force of cardiac contraction blood vessel diameter

Answer 37

force of cardiac contraction blood vessel diameter heart rate

Question 38

Which of the following neurotransmitters will play a role in the regulation of blood pressure by creating a change in cardiovascular function? Check all that apply. serotonin epinephrine gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) norepinephrine acetylcholine glutamate

Answer 38

norepinephrine acetylcholine epinephrine

Question 39

Which of the following is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system when blood pressure is too high? reduce blood volume decrease heart rate decrease force of contraction of the heart induce relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle

Answer 39

decrease heart rate

Question 40

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________. proteins in the blood blood pressure

Answer 40

blood pressure

Question 41

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________. capillary; interstitial fluid interstitial fluid; capillary

Answer 41

capillary; interstitial fluid

Question 42

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? 1 mm Hg 34 mm Hg 12 mm Hg

Answer 42

34 mm Hg

Question 43

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________. blood pressure proteins in the blood

Answer 43

proteins in the blood

Question 44

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? net hydrostatic pressure net osmotic pressure

Answer 44

net osmotic pressure

Question 45

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? arterial venous

Answer 45

venous

Question 46

Blood velocity is lowest in the __________. arterioles capillaries veins arteries

Answer 46

capillaries

Question 47

Why is the velocity of blood lowest in the capillaries as compared with all other types of vessels? The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area. The capillaries have a relatively large amount of smooth muscle for their diameter. The capillaries have a larger diameter than the arterioles that feed them. The capillaries have the lowest blood volume.

Answer 47

The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area.

Question 48

What is the mechanism by which bulk flow occurs at the capillaries? The mechanism for bulk flow at the capillary is either simple diffusion or vesicular transport. Relatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the venous end Colloid osmotic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary. Relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the venous end

Answer 48

Relatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the venous end

Question 49

Which is a similarity between diffusion and transcytosis at capillaries? They both use mass movement of fluid. They both transport large molecules. They are both examples of paracellular pathways. They both allow substances to be exchanged between the blood and cells within tissues.

Answer 49

They both allow substances to be exchanged between the blood and cells within tissues.