Care of a Toddler Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Birth weight triples
A
12 months
2
Q
Birth length increases by 50%
A
12 months
3
Q
Equal head and chest circumference
A
12 months
4
Q
Teeth: upper and lower lateral incisors; total of six to eight
A
12 months
5
Q
Each year the toddler gains 5 to 10 lb (2.26 to 4.53 kg) and about 3 inches (7.62 cm).
A
12 months
6
Q
By 12 months, birth weight __________________
A
triples
7
Q
By 12 months, birth length _________________
A
increases by 50%
8
Q
By 12 months, head and chest circumference are ____________
A
equal
9
Q
By 12 months, Teeth:
A
upper and lower lateral incisors; total of six to eight
10
Q
By 12 months, each year the toddler gains ___________ lb (_____________ kg) and about ___ inches (______ cm).
A
5 to 10; 2.26 to 4.53; 3; 7.62
11
Q
Growth rate begins to decrease
A
15 months
12
Q
Weight 24 lb (11 kg)
A
15 months
13
Q
Height: 31 inches (74.7 cm)
A
15 months
14
Q
Capacity of urinary bladder increases
A
15 months
15
Q
By 15 months, growth rate begins to __________________
A
decrease
16
Q
By 15 months, weight is
A
24 lb (11 kg)
17
Q
By 15 months, height is
A
31 inches (74.7 cm)
18
Q
By 15 months, capacity of urinary bladder ___________
A
increases
19
Q
Growth decreases
A
18 months
20
Q
Appetite lessens (physiologic anorexia)
A
18 months
21
Q
Anterior fontanel closes
A
18 months
22
Q
Abdomen protrudes (larger than chest circumference)
A
18 months
23
Q
Canine teeth begin to erupt, followed by molars at around 20 months
A
18 months
24
Q
By 18 months, growth _______________
A
decreases
25
By 18 months, appetite ___________
lessens
26
By 18 months, ____________ closes
anterior fontannel
27
By 18 months, abdomen ___________ (larger than ______________)
protrudes; chest circumference
28
By 18 months, _____________begin to erupt, followed by ____________ at around _____________
canine teeth; molars; 20 months
29
Weight: about 26-28 lb (11-12 kg)
2 years
30
Height: about 32-33 inches (80-82 cm)
2 years
31
By 2 years, weight is
about 26-28 lb (11-12 kg)
32
By 2 years, height is
about 32-33 inches (80-82 cm)
33
Full set of 20 temporary teeth
30 months
34
Dental care should begin between 1 and 2 years of age
30 months
35
Decreased need for naps
30 months
36
By 30 months, full set of ______________________
20 temporary teeth
37
Dental care should begin between ________________
1 and 2 years of age
38
By 30 months, decreased need for ______
naps
39
Walks alone with wide-based gait
15 months
40
creeps up stairs
15 months
41
Builds tower of two blocks
15 months
42
throws objects and picks them up
15 months
43
Drinks from cup with spillage
15 months
44
uses spoon clumsily
15 months
45
Runs clumsily
18 months
46
climbs stairs or up on furniture
18 months
47
Imitates strokes in drawing
18 months
48
Drinks from cup
18 months
49
manages spoon
18 months
50
Builds tower of three to four cubes
18 months
51
Gross motor skills refined
2 years
52
Walks up and down stairs, one step at a time, holding onto rail
2 years
53
Builds tower of six to seven cubes
2 years
54
uses cubes to form a train
2 years
55
Walks on tiptoe
30 months
56
stands on one foot momentarily
30 months
57
Builds tower of eight blocks
30 months
58
Copies horizontal or vertical line
30 months
59
May attend to won toilet needs during day
30 months
60
May begin to hold crayons with fingers rather than fists
30 months
61
Begins to start to color within the lines of a picture
30 months
62
Develops eye accommodation
2 years
63
Visual Acuity 20/40
2 years
64
By 2 years, visual acuity is
20/40
65
Four—to six-word vocabulary
15 months
66
States name
15 months
67
Says “No” even while complying with request
15 months
68
10– or more word vocabulary
18 Months
69
Vocabulary: about 300 words
2 years
70
Uses two– or three-word phrases
2 years
71
Uses pronouns
2 years
72
Obeys simple commands
2 years
73
Makes simple choices when possible
2 years
74
Asserting independence, sometimes forcefully; parents should understand this is not willful misbehaving; punishment will confuse child
18 months to 3 years
75
Important for caregiver to balance opportunities to explore, offer encouraging environment in which failure is acceptable and not something to constantly avoid.
18 months to 3 years
76
Actively experiments to achieve new goals
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
77
Increased Object permanence
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
78
Distinguishes object from self
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
79
Early memory
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
80
Relationships: spatial, causal, temporal
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
81
Can enter a sequence in progress
13 to 18 months
Tertiary Circular Reactions
82
Unlimited object permanence awareness
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
83
Infers cause while effect is occurring
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
84
More symbolic mimicry
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
85
Time understood through anticipation, memory, and being able to wait
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
86
Egocentric thought and action (unable to understand others’ perspectives)
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
87
belief that one part’s change changes the whole– related to a desire for ritualism so nothing is out of sequence or out of order
Global organization
88
Global organization
19 to 24 months
Invention of new means through mental combinations
89
Language used as mental symbolizing
2 to 4 years
90
Increased sense of time, space, causality but poor concept of passing of time
2 to 4 years
91
Says “No” even while complying with request
15 months
92
New awareness of strangers
18 months
93
separation anxiety
18 months
94
Begins to have temper tantrums
18 months
95
Ritualistic; has favorite toy or blanket
18 months
96
Thumb sucking most prominent
18 months
97
Shows signs of increasing autonomy and individuality
2 years
98
Makes simple choices when possible
2 years
99
Remains ritualistic, especially at bedtime
2 years
100
Can help undress self and pull on simple clothes
2 years
101
Doesn’t share well
2 years
102
Caregiver/ parent can help child learn boundaries by teaching them to accept appropriate limits
2 years
103
Beginning to see self as separate individual from reflected appraisal of significant others
30 months
104
Sees other children as objects
30 months
105
Becomes increasingly independent, ritualistic and negativistic
30 months
106
Need for autonomy; respond well to choices not requiring a “yes” or “no
30 months
107
Erikson’s psychosocial developmental task for this age group (Todlerhood) is
autonomy (independence) while overcoming doubt and shame.
108
This behavior is so common that the stage is commonly referred to as the “terrible twos,” but it is just as often referred to as the “terrific twos” because of the toddler’s exciting language development, the exuberance with which he or she greets the world, and a newfound sense of accomplishment.
Toddlerhood
109
Balanced diet of table food vegetables, fruits and whole grains recommended
18 months
110
Toddlers become “picky” or “fussy” eaters with preferences and amount consumed varying widely
18 months
111
Colorful finger foods preferred
18 months
112
Ritualism: preference for same dish, cup, or spoon; preferences and amount consumed varying widely
18 months
113
May have rules about food touching, etc.
18 months
114
Most important integrative task for toddler
Toilet Training
115
an individualized task for each child. It should begin and be completed according to a child’s ability to accomplish it, not according to a set schedule
Toilet Training
116
play the most vital role in toilet training
Approach and attitude of parents
117
must be reached before toilet training is possible
Physical Maturation
118
Sphincter control:
adequate when child can walk
119
Urine retention:
at least 2 hours
120
Demonstration of readiness:
18-24 months
121
Usual age for bowel training:
22 to 30 months
122
Daytime bowel and bladder control:
usually after 2 years of age
123
Night control:
usually several months to years after achievement of daytime control
124
Psychologic Readiness:
- Aware of act of elimination
- Able to inform caregiver of need to urinate or defecate
- Desire to please parents
125
Process of Training
- Usually begins with bowel then bladder
- Potty chair helpful so feet touch floor
- Intermittent periods of urination and fecal soiling
- Regression when there is stress (eg, new sibling)
126
Parental Response
- Choose specific word for act
- Have specific time and place for elimination
- Treat occasional accidents in matter-of-fact manner
- Avoid punishing
127
Encourage parents to offer___________________________ or ______________________ rather than high carbohydrate items for snacks
fruit (bananas, pieces of apple, orange slices) or protein foods (cheese or pieces of chicken)
128
is especially important to the development of strong teeth and are good for snacks.
Calcium
129
Toward the end of the toddler period, they can begin to do the brushing themselves under supervision (almost all children need some supervision until about age ____).
8
130
Urge parents to schedule a first visit to a dentist skilled in pediatric dental care at _______________ of age for assessment of dentition
about 12 months
131
They will use only “their” spoon at mealtime, only “their” washcloth at bath time
Ritualism
132
As part of establishing their identities as separate individuals, toddlers typically go through a period of
extreme negativism
133
They do not want to do anything a parent wants them to do. Their reply to every request is a very definite “no.”
Negativism
134
It helps if parents say goodbye firmly, repeat the explanation they will be there when the child wakes in the morning, and then leave.
Separation Anxiety
135
occur as a natural consequence of toddlers’ development
Temper Tantrums
136
They occur because toddlers are independent enough to know what they want, but they do not have the vocabulary or the wisdom to express their feelings in a more socially acceptable way.
Temper Tantrums
137
means setting rules or road signs so children know what is expected of them.
Discipline
138
is a consequence that results from a breakdown in discipline, from the child’s disregard of the rules that were learned
Punishment
139
2 general rules to follow:
(a) parents need to be consistent and
(b) rules are learned best if correct behavior is praised rather than wrong behavior punished.
140
a technique to help children learn that actions have consequences.
Timeout
141
playing alongside, not with, other children; less emphasis on exploration using senses; imitation is distinguishing characteristic
Parallel Play
142
Dangers associated with toys:
- Breaks toy through exploration and ingests small pieces
- Ingests lead from lead based paint on toys
- Is potentially burned by flammable toys
143
Imitation and make-believe play begins by age
3 years
144
Suggested toys
- Play furniture, dishes, cooking utensils, telephone
- Puzzles with few large pieces
- pedal-propelled (eg, tricycle), straddle (eg, rocking horse)
- Pounding, push-pull, blocks
- Clay, crayons, finger paints
145
are the type of accidents that occurs most frequently in toddlers.
Accidental ingestions (poisoning)
