Growth and Development Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Sum of the numerous changes that takes place during the lifetime of an individual
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GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
2
Q
used to denote an increase in physical size or quantitative change
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growth
3
Q
physical increase in the body’s, size and appearance caused by increasing numbers of new cells
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growth
4
Q
used to indicate an increase in skill or the ability to function; a qualitative change
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development
5
Q
can be measured by observing a child’s ability to perform specific tasks
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development
6
Q
capacity to learn and think increases
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development
7
Q
ATTERNS OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
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1.Cephalocaudal
2.Proximodistal
3.Differentiation
8
Q
head-to-tail, direction, and reflect the physical development and maturation of neuromuscular function.
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Cephalocaudal
9
Q
Near-to far, direction (midline to periphery).
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Proximodistal
10
Q
In the infant, shoulder Control precedes mastery of the hands, the entire hand is used as a unit before the fingers can be manipulated.
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Proximodistal
11
Q
development from simple operations to more complex activities and functions.
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Differentiation
12
Q
Specific and refined patterns of behavior emerge from very broad and global patterns.
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Differentiation
13
Q
All areas of development (physical, mental, social, emotional) proceed in this direction.
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Differentiation
14
Q
Most Rapid
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Neonate (first 28 days of life),Infancy (1 month-1 y.o)
15
Q
Slow
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Toddler (1-3 y.o)
16
Q
Alternating
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Preschooler (3-5 y.o)
17
Q
Slower
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Schooler (6-12 y.o)
18
Q
Rapid
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Adolescent (13-17 y.o); Late Adolescent (18-21 y.o)
19
Q
INFANT (0-1 y.o)
Weight:
Height:
Teeth:
A
- doubles by 5 or 6 months; triples by 1 year; quadruples by 2 years
- increase of 1 ft by 1 year of age
- erupt by 6 months, has 6-8 deciduous teeth by 1 year of age
20
Q
Toddler (1-3 y.o)
Weight:
Height:
Teeth:
A
Weight: Gains 8 oz or more a month from 1 to 2 years; Gains 3 to 5 lbs a year from 2 to 3 years of age
Height: grows 3-5 inches from 1-2 years of age; from 2-3 years, grows 2-2.5 inches per year
Teeth: has 20 deciduous teeth by 3 years
21
Q
Preschooler (3-5 y.o)
Weight:
Height:
A
- gains 3-5 lbs a year
- grows 1.5-2.5 inches a year
22
Q
Schooler (6-12 y.o)
Weight:
Height:
A
- gains 3-5 lbs a year
- grows 1.5-2.5 inches a year
23
Q
Adolescence (13-18 y.o)
Weight:
Height:
A
Weight:
Girls: 15-55 lbs
Boys: 15-65 lbs
Height:
Girls: 2-8 inches
Boys: 4.5-12 inches
24
Q
s a systematic statement of principles that provides a framework for explaining a phenomenon
A
theory
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provide road maps to explain human development
Developmental theories
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theory proposes that sexual energy is stronger in certain parts of the body at specific ages
Psychoanalytic/ Pyschosexual Development Theory
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Experiences from childhood form the unconscious motivations for the things being done later in life as adults
Psychoanalytic/ Pyschosexual Development Theory
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occurs at a specific stage if needs are not met or conflicts are not resolved
Fixation
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persistent focus of the id’s pleasure seeking energies at an earlier stage of psychosexual development
Fixation
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oral gratification
Oral Stage/ Phase
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interested in oral stimulation or pleasure
Oral Stage/ Phase
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infants suck for enjoyment or relief of tension, as well as for nourishment
Oral Stage/ Phase
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children’s interests focus on the anal region as they begin toilet training
Anal Stage
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Elimination takes on new importance for them
Anal Stage
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find pleasure in both the retention of feces and defecation
Anal Stage
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part of toddlers’ self-discovery, a way of exerting independence, and probably accounts for some of the difficulties parents may experience in toilettraining children of this age
Anal Stage
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children’s pleasure zone appears to shift from the anal to the genital area
Phallic Stage
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Masturbation is common during this phase
Phallic Stage
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Children may also show exhibitionism, suggesting they hope this will lead to increased knowledge of the two sexes
Phallic Stage
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Gratify physical curiosity
Phallic Stage
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Resolved elektra/oedipal complex
Latency Stage (6-12 y.o)
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Quiet period
Latency Stage (6-12 y.o)
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children’s libido appears to be diverted into concrete thinking
Latency Stage (6-12 y.o)
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Great surge of genital sexual development
Genital Stage
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establishment of new sexual aims and the finding of new love objects
Genital Stage
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Masturbation and sexual fantasies are common
Genital Stage
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Psychosocial Development Theory by
Erik Erikson
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a theory that stresses the importance of culture and society in development of the personality
Psychosocial Development Theory
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a person’s social view of self is more important than instinctual drives in determining behavior, allows for a more optimistic view of the possibilities for human growth.
Psychosocial Development Theory
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The child must learn trust as needs are met by the caregiver
Trust vs Mistrust
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Child learns to love and be loved.
Trust vs Mistrust
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Child becomes more independent and starts to control over body functions.
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
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Child becomes more independent and starts to control over body functions
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
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Development of conscience
Initiative vs Guilt
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learning right from wrong
Initiative vs Guilt
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Child learns how to do things (basic problem solving) and that doing things is desirable
Initiative vs Guilt
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Rule-following behavior
Industry vs Inferiority
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forming social relationships is seen as important
Industry vs Inferiority
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child learns how to do things well
Industry vs Inferiority
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Adolescents learn who they are and what kind of person they will be
Identity vs Role confusion
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adjusts to a new body image, seeking emancipation from parents, choosing a vocation, and determining a value system.
Identity vs Role confusion
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Peers are very important
Identity vs Role confusion
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Working on establishing own identity
Identity vs Role confusion
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is the ability to relate well with other people, not only with members of the opposite sex but also with one’s own sex to form long-lasting friendships
Intimacy
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Intimacy is the ability to relate well with other people, not only with members of the opposite sex but also with one’s own sex to form long-lasting friendships
Intimacy vs Isolation
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People extend their concern from just themselves and their families to the community and the world.
Generativity vs Stagnation
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They may become politically active, work to solve environmental problems, or participate in farreaching community or world-based decisions
Generativity vs Stagnation
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People with a sense of ________________ are selfconfident and better able to juggle their various lives
generativity
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Older adults with ________________ feel good about the life choices they have made;
integrity
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those with a feeling of _______ wish life could begin over again so that things could turn out differently.
despair
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defined four stages wherein within each stage are finer units or schemas.
Cognitive Development Theory
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It has elaborated how a child learns and develops that quality called intelligence
Cognitive Development Theory
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4 stages of Cognitive Development Theory
Sensorimotor Phase (Ages 0–2 Years)
Preoperational Phase (Ages 2–7 Years)
Concrete Operations (Ages 7–11 Years)
Formal Operations (Ages 12–15 Years)
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Sensorimotor Phases
Phases
1) Neonatal Reflex
2) Primary Circular Reaction
3) Secondary Circular Reaction
4) Coordination of Secondary Reaction
5) Tertiary Circular Reaction
6) Invention of new means through mental combinations
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Stimuli are assimilated into beginning mental images. Behavior entirely reflective
Neonatal Reflex
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Hand-mouth and ear-eye coordination develop.
Enjoyable activity: a rattle or tape of parent's voice
Primary Circular Reaction
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Primary Circular Reaction
Enjoyable activity:
a rattle or tape of parent's voice
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Infant can plan activities to attain specific goals. Good toy: nesting toys (colored boxes)
Coordination of Secondary Reaction
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Coordination of Secondary Reaction
Good toy:
nesting toys (colored boxes)
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Child is able to experiment to discover new properties of objects and events. Good game: throw and retrieve
Tertiary Circular Reaction
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Tertiary Circular Reaction
Good game:
throw and retrieve
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Invention of new means through mental combinations
Good toys:
those with several uses (blocks, colored plastic rings)
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Transitional phase to preoperational thought period. Good toys: those with several uses (blocks, colored plastic rings)
Invention of new means through mental combinations
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child in this phase of development is egocentric
Preoperational Phase (Ages 2–7 Years)
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child has no concept of quantity; if it looks like more, it is more sense of time is not yet developed
Preoperational Phase (Ages 2–7 Years)
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children are able to use symbols to represent objects
Preoperational Phase (Ages 2–7 Years)
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Toddlers draw conclusions only from obvious facts they see
Preoperational Phase (Ages 2–7 Years)
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Preoperational Phase (Ages 2–7 Years)
Good toy for this period:
items that require imagination, such as modeling clay
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children develop the ability to begin problem solving in a concrete, systematic way.
Concrete Operations (Ages 7–11 Years)
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begin to understand that volume or weight may remain the same even though the appearance changes
Concrete Operations (Ages 7–11 Years)
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can consider another’s point of view and can deal simultaneously with more than one aspect of a situation
Concrete Operations (Ages 7–11 Years)
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aware of reversibility, an opposite operation or continuation of reasoning back to a starting point
Concrete Operations (Ages 7–11 Years)
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Concrete Operations (Ages 7–11 Years)
Good activity for this period:
collecting and classifying natural objects such as native plants, sea shells, etc.
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Expose child to other viewpoints by asking questions such as, “How do you think you’d feel if you were a nurse and had to tell a boy to stay in bed?”
Concrete Operations (Ages 7–11 Years)
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is capable of dealing with ideas, abstract concepts described only in words or symbols
Formal Operations (Ages 12–15 Years)
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begins to understand jokes based on double meanings and enjoys reading and discussing theories and philosophies.
Formal Operations (Ages 12–15 Years)
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Adolescents can observe and then draw logical conclusions from their observations.
Formal Operations (Ages 12–15 Years)
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Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific reasoning
Formal Operations (Ages 12–15 Years)
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understands causality and can deal with the past, present, and future
Formal Operations (Ages 12–15 Years)
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Formal Operations (Ages 12–15 Years)
Good activity for this period:
“talk time” to sort through attitudes and opinions
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Moral Development Theory Stages
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
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Preconventional
1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation
2. Individualism and Exchange
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Conventional
3. Good interpersonal relationships
4. Maintains social order
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Postconventional
5. Social Contract and Individual Rights
6. Universal Principles
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follows rules set by those in authority
Preconventional
106
adjust behavior according to good/bad or right/wrong
Preconventional
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seeks conformity and loyalty
Coventional
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follows rules and maintains social older
Coventional
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constracts a perosnal and functional value system independent of authority, figures and peers
Postconventional
110
Refers to the totality of being a person which includes all aspects of the human being that relate specifically to being a boy or a girl, a man or a woman
Sexuality
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