Care of Developing Fetus

Question 1

from ovulation to fertilization

Answer 1

Ovum

Question 2

from fertilization to implantation

Answer 2

Zygote

Question 3

from implantation to 8 weeks

Answer 3

Embryo

Question 4

from 8 weeks until term

Answer 4

Fetus

Question 5

developing embryo and placental structures throughout pregnancy

Answer 5

Conceptus

Question 6

the earliest age at which fetuses survive if they are born is generally accepted as 24 weeks or the point a fetus weighs more than 500-600 grams

Answer 6

Age of viability

Question 7

is the union of an ovum and spermatozoon

Answer 7

Fertilization

Question 8

This usually occurs in the outer third of the fallopian tube, termed as the ampullar portion.

Answer 8

Fertilization

Question 9

It is referred to as conception, impregnation or fecundation.

Answer 9

Fertilization

Question 10

usually capable for fertilization for only about 24 hours (48 hours at the most)

Answer 10

Ovum

Question 11

life span is 48 hours or possibly 72 hours

Answer 11

Spermatozoon

Question 12

Normally an ejaculation of semen

Answer 12

2.5ml of fluid containing 50-200 million spermatozoa per ml or an average of 400 million sperm cells per ejaculation

Question 13

fine, hairlike structures that line the openings of the tubes

Answer 13

Fimbriae

Question 14

After penetration of the ovum, this forms when chromosomal material of the ovum and spermatozoon fuse

Answer 14

Zygote

Question 15

The journey of the zygote

Answer 15

3-4 days from the ampulla of the fallopian tube to the uterus

Question 16

a hollow sphere with an inner cell mass as the cells continue to divide and proliferate

Answer 16

Blastocyst

Question 17

a key milestone in early embryonic development

Answer 17

Blastocyst stage

Question 18

3 germ layers of blastocyst

Answer 18

• Ectoderm (outer)
• Mesoderm (middle)
• Endoderm (inner)

Question 19

outer layer of blastocyst which forms the placenta and other supporting structures

Answer 19

trophoblast or trophoderm

Question 20

• Absorbs nutrients from the endometrium
• Secrete the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin necessary for prolonging life of corpus luteum

Answer 20

Trophoblast

Question 21

2 layers of trophoblast

Answer 21

1. Cytotrophoblast
2. Syncytiotrophoblast

Question 22

proliferates upon implantation. Itis cellular and expands mitotically into the syncytiotrophoblast to formprimary chorionic villi.

Answer 22

Cytotrophoblast or layer of Langhans

Question 23

Cells from primary chorionic villi can be removed for early genetic testing at some risk to the fetus.

Answer 23

chorionic villus sampling

Question 24

supports cytotrophoblast proliferation through contact with the maternal blood. It then facilitates the exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases between the maternal and fetal systems.

Answer 24

Syncytiotrophoblast

Question 25

the contact between the growing structure and the uterine endometrium that occurs between 8-10 days after fertilization (or about 8 days after ovulation)

Answer 25

Implantation

Question 26

Term when blastocyst brushes against the rich uterine endometrium

Answer 26

Apposition

Question 27

Term when the blastocyst attaches to the surface of the endometrium

Answer 27

Adhesion

Question 28

Term when the blastocyst settles down into soft folds

Answer 28

Invasion

Question 29

is the specialized layer of endometrium that forms the base of the placental bed. it is the most ideal site for implantation because of its rich blood supply that ensures optimum placental growth and development

Answer 29

Decidua

Question 30

Layers of decidua

Answer 30

a. Decidua vera or parietalis- the remaining portion of the uterine lining b. Decidua basalis or placentalis- forms the maternal portion of the placenta c. Decidua capsularis- the layer which encloses the blastocysts after implantation

Question 31

are tiny projections of placental tissue that look like fingers and contain the same genetic material as the fetus

Answer 31

Chorionic villi

Question 32

the villi at the embryonic pole, which is in contact with the decidua basalis, increase greatly in size and complexity

Answer 32

Chorion frondosum

Question 33

villi not involved with implantation that gradually degenerates, becoming thin and eventually forming the chorionic membrane

Answer 33

Chorion leave or "bald chorion"

Question 34

among the vital membranes that form the amniotic sac

Answer 34

Chorion

Question 35

Tail-structures chorion that provides extra protection to the embryo.

Answer 35

Chorion villi

Question 36

contains a thin transparent fluid called amniotic fluid in which the embryo is suspended

Answer 36

Amnion

Question 37

a thin transparent fluid in which the embryo is suspended

Answer 37

amniotic fluid

Question 38

Amniotic fluid volume

Answer 38

ranges from 500-1200 ml averaging at 1000ml

Question 39

Excessive amniotic fluid more than 2000ml in total or pockets of fluid larger than 8cm on ultrasound.

Answer 39

hydramnios

Question 40

may also occur in women with diabetes because hyperglycemia causes excessive fluid shifts into the amniotic space

Answer 40

Hydramnios

Question 41

is composed of 99% water and 1 % solid particles. It contains albumin, urea, uric acid, creatinine, lecithin sphingomyelin, bilirubin, minerals and suspended materials such as desquamated epithelial cells and vernix caseosa

Answer 41

Amniotic fluid

Question 42

It is clear and colorless to straw colored, with pH= 7.00-7.25 reaction is neutral to alkaline and specific gravity=1.005-1.025

Answer 42

Amniotic fluid

Question 43

It connects the fetus to the placenta (carry oxygen and nutrients to the placenta and return oxygenated blood and fetal waste products to the placenta)

Answer 43

Umbilical cord

Question 44

It has AVA (1 vein which carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and 2 arteries which carries unoxygenated blood to the placenta)

Answer 44

Umbilical cord

Question 45

a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides. Its main function is to insulate and protect the umbilical cord in the womb.

Answer 45

Wharton's jelly

Question 46

Wharton's Jelly is named after the 17th-century English anatomist who first discovered it named:

Answer 46

Thomas Wharton

Question 47

The rate of blood flow at term

Answer 47

350 ml/min

Question 48

Short cord may lead to:

Answer 48

- Intrapartum hemorrhage due to premature separation of the placenta - Delayed descent of the fetus during labor - Inversion of the uterus

Question 49

Long cord may lead to:

Answer 49

- Cord presentation - Coiling of the cord around the neck - True knots of the cord

Question 50

This side of the placenta is dark red in color and is made up of many lobes (15-20) called cotyledons. These lobes adhere to the uterus and connect with a mothers’ circulation.

Answer 50

Mother's side

Question 51

The other side of the placenta is shiny in appearance and is where the baby is connected by the umbilical cord to the placenta, within the placental sac.

Answer 51

the fetal side

Question 52

- provides oxygen and nutrients to a growing fetus - exchange of gaseous and waste products between the maternal and fetal circulation - Temporary endocrine organ which produces hormones important in the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy and in preparation for labor and breastfeeding

Answer 52

Placenta