Menstruation

Question 1

episodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes

Answer 1

Menstrual cycle

Question 2

Purpose:
- to bring an ovum to maturity
- renew a uterine tissue bed that will be necessary for the ova’s growth should it be fertilized.

Answer 2

Menstrual cycle

Question 3

Average length of the woman’s menstrual cycle

Answer 3

28 days to be as short as 23 days or as long as 35 days

Question 4

normal, regular menstruation that lasts for few days (usually 3-5 days, but anywhere from 2-7 days is considered normal)

Answer 4

Eumenorrhea

Question 5

the first menstruation. It is an event that signifies the end of puberty and beginning of reproductive years of woman depending on conditions such as heredity, nutrition, race.

Answer 5

Menarche

Question 6

infrequent or irregular ovulation

Answer 6

Oligoovulation

Question 7

absence of ovulation

Answer 7

Anovulation

Question 8

very little flow (less than 10ml)

Answer 8

Hypermenorrhea

Question 9

regular cycles with intervals of 21 days or fewer

Answer 9

Polymenorrhea

Question 10

irregular uterine bleeding; usually occurs between regular menstrual period

Answer 10

Metrorrhagia

Question 11

abnormal uterine bleeding. Bleeding between monthly periods, and when the period is extremely heavy and/or prolonged.

Answer 11

Menometrorrhagia

Question 12

is the absence of menstruation, often defined as missing one or more menstrual periods. Or months without menses (in the absence of pregnancy)during a woman’s reproductive years

Answer 12

Amenorrhea

Question 13

is the medical term in infrequent menstrual periods (fewer than 76-80 periods in a year)

Answer 13

Oligomenorrhea

Question 14

is characterized by the recurrence of painful cramps during menstruation

Answer 14

Dysmenorrhea

Question 15

Physiology of menstruation

Answer 15

1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary gland
3. Ovaries
4. Uterus

Question 16

a hormone active early in the cycle that is responsible for maturation of the ovum

Answer 16

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 17

a hormone that becomes most active at the midpoint of the cycle and is responsible for ovulation, or release of the mature egg cell from the ovary

Answer 17

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 18

stimulates growth of the uterine lining during the second half of the menstrual cycle

Answer 18

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 19

are called gonadotropic hormones because they cause growth in the gonads

Answer 19

FSH & LH

Question 20

occurs 14 days before the end of their cycle

Answer 20

Ovulation

Question 21

It illustrates changes that occur monthly as a result of stimulation from the estrogen and progesterone produced by ovaries.

Answer 21

Uterus

Question 22

Phases of Menstrual Cycle

Answer 22

1. Proliferative Phase
2. Secretory Phase
3. Ischemic Phase

Question 23

The ovary begin to produce estrogen (in the follicular fluid, under the direction of the pituitary FSH), the endometrium begins to proliferate so rapidly the thickness of the endometrium increases as much as eightfold from day 5 to day 14.

Answer 23

Proliferative Phase

Question 24

After ovulation, the formation of progesterone in the corpus luteum (under the direction of LH) causes the glands of the uterine endometrium to become corkscrew or twisted in appearance and dilated with quantities of glycogen and mucin.

Answer 24

Secretory Phase

Question 25

With the withdrawal of progesterone, the endometrium of the uterus begins to degenerate (about 24 or day 25 of the cycle). The capillaries rupture, with minute hemorrhages, and the endometrium slough off.

Answer 25

Ischemic Phase

Question 26

A menstrual flow contains only _______ of blood

Answer 26

30-80ml

Question 27

An interesting property of a cervical mucus just before ovulation when estrogen levels are high is the ability to form fern like patterns on a microscope slide when allowed to dry. This pattern is known as:

Answer 27

arborization or ferning

Question 28

stretching a mucus sample between thumb and finger or it can be tested in an examining room by smearing a cervical mucus specimen on a slide and stretching the mucus between the slide and cover slip

Answer 28

Spinnbarkeit Test

Question 29

a multidimensional phenomenon that includes feelings, attitude and actions

Answer 29

Sexuality

Question 30

Has both biologic and cultural diversity components. It encompasses and gives direction to a person’s physical, emotional, social and intellectual responses throughout life

Answer 30

Sexuality

Question 31

The sexual response cycle

Answer 31

1. Excitement 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution

Question 32

occurs when physical and psychological stimulation (sight, sound, emotion, or thought) that causes parasympathetic nerve stimulation. This leads to arterial dilation and venous constriction in the genital area. The resulting increased blood supply leads to vasocongestion and increasing muscular tension

Answer 32

Excitement

Question 33

is reached just before orgasm

Answer 33

Plateau

Question 34

It is the shortest stage in the sexual response cycle. Occurs when stimulation proceeds through the plateau stage to a point at which a vigorous contraction of muscles in the pelvic area expels or dissipates blood and fluid from the area of congestion. The average number of contractions for the woman is 8-15 contractions at intervals of 1 every 0.8 seconds. In men, muscle contractions surrounding the seminal vessels and prostate projects semen into the proximal urethra.

Answer 34

Orgasm

Question 35

is a 30-minute period during which the external and internal genital organs return to an unaroused state

Answer 35

Resolution

Question 36

occurs during which further orgasm is impossible

Answer 36

Refractory period

Question 37

referring to an individual’s conception of themselves

Answer 37

Sexual identity

Question 38

referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual

Answer 38

Sexual behavior

Question 39

referring to “fantasies, attachments and longing”

Answer 39

Sexual orientation

Question 40

refers how one thinks of oneself in terms of whom one is sexually and romantically attracted to

Answer 40

Sexual identity

Question 41

is the term used to chromosomal sexual development: male (XY) female (XX)

Answer 41

Biological sex

Question 42

is the inner sense a person has to being male or female, which may be the same as or different from biologic gender

Answer 42

Gender identity

Question 43

refers to the behavior a person exhibits, which may or may not be the same as the person’s identity or sex assigned at birth

Answer 43

Gender expression

Question 44

an enduring pattern of attraction, emotional, romantic, sexual or some combination of these to the opposite sex, the same sex or both sexes and the genders that accompany them

Answer 44

Sexual orientation

Question 45

overlap with sexual orientation, but is distinguished in psychological research. A person who identifies as bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex over the other.

Answer 45

Sexual preference

Question 46

if they achieve sexual satisfaction from both same-sex and heterosexual relationship

Answer 46

Bisexual

Question 47

is someone who finds sexual fulfillment with a member of the opposite gender

Answer 47

Heterosexual

Question 48

is someone who finds sexual fullfillment with a member of his or her own sex

Answer 48

Homosexual

Question 49

male identified individual’s who are sexually attracted to female partners

Answer 49

Gay

Question 50

female identified individuals who are sexually attracted to women

Answer 50

Lesbian

Question 51

Men who have sex with men

Answer 51

MSM

Question 52

women who sex with women

Answer 52

WSW

Question 53

when an individual feels their gender and their sex match

Answer 53

Cisgender

Question 54

when an individual feels theoir gender and their sex do not match

Answer 54

Transgender

Question 55

is the realization one’s physical sex and gender are mismatched, which can cause a lot of stress and anxiety

Answer 55

Gender dysphoria

Question 56

male to female transition; usually prefers female pronouns

Answer 56

MTF

Question 57

female to male transition; usually of estrogen and antiandrogens for MTF individuals and testosterone for FTM individuals to gain characteristics of their gender identity

Answer 57

FTM

Question 58

surgical procedures to change body characteristics to match an individual’s gender identity

Answer 58

Gender affirmation surgery

Question 59

Factors affecting sexuality

Answer 59

- Biological - Genetic factors - Psychological & social factors