Career

Question 1

Super’s theory has how many stages?

Answer 1

5, with 16 sub-stages
Growth
Exploration
Establishment
Maintenance
Disengagement (or Decline)

Question 2

Holland’s types are stable/not stable across gender lines, racial lines, and time

Answer 2

stable across gender and racial lines and time

Question 3

Albert Bandura

Answer 3

influenced Social Cognitive Career Theory
self-efficacy
people are more likely to improve their performance in areas in which they are interested and as a result have positive learning experiences
personal characteristics and circumstances influence vocational choice; counselors can help clients overcome the circumstances

Question 4

Bandura’s ‘destiny idea’

Answer 4

the idea that people with differing self-efficacy beliefs perceive the world differently
people with high self-efficacy have an internal locus of control
people with low self-efficacy have an external locus of control

Question 5

Bandura’s Triadic Reciprocal Model of Causality contains these elements:

Answer 5

Personal determinants
Environmental determinants
Behavioral determinants

Question 6

Super, ____, and ____ (along with ___, ____, and ____) are developmental career theorists

Answer 6

Gottfredson, Ginzberg along with Ginsburg, Herma, Axelrad

Question 7

Gottfredson’s theory is ____ and involves _____

Answer 7

developmental theory
circumscription (eliminating career alternatives)
compromise (adolescents give up dream career alternatives for those that are less compatible but more accessible)
self-creation (people have the ability to improve their career options and integrate their self-concept into decision making)

Question 8

According to Gottfredson (a developmental theorist), what is the order in which people will sacrifice prestige, interest, and gender roles when making a compromise?

Answer 8

interest goes first
prestige goes second
gender role goes last

Question 9

____ believed that sublimation was the method by which we choose our career

Answer 9

Brill

Question 10

Roe, Brill, and Holland are ____ career theorists

Answer 10

personality

Question 11

Ginzberg’s theory is ____ and includes ____ stages

Answer 11

developmental theory
3 stages:
Fantasy (play and imagination influence career ideas)
Tentative (adolescents; 4 substages: interests, capacity, value, transition)
Realistic (age 17-early 20s; exploration, crystallization, specification)

Question 12

First ____ said career decisions were irreversible; later he said that they were reversible.

Answer 12

Ginzberg

Question 13

dual-income families have ___ income than single-income families

Answer 13

higher

Question 14

___, ____, ____, and ____ are decision career theorists

Answer 14

Gelatt
Katz
Hershenson
Tiedeman
O'Hara

Question 15

_____ was an adult developmental career theorist who coined the term ‘teachable moment’

Answer 15

Havinghurst

Question 16

chronic hassles

Answer 16

according to Schlossberg’s career transition theory, these are continuous and pervasive hassles (e.g., a long commute)

Question 17

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 17

prevented employers from discriminating against employees on the basis of sex, race, color, national origin, and religion

Question 18

Roe’s career theory is based on which theorist and is what kind of theory that involves classifying ____’s relation to ______

Answer 18

Freud (and is sort of like Maslow because it involves satisfying needs)
it’s a personality theory that involves classifying parental relationship’s relation to occupations

Question 19

Roe’s theory has ____ groups and ____ levels

Answer 19

8 groups (e.g., service, technology, business contact, outdoor, organization)
6 levels (e.g., professional and managerial 1 and 2, semiprofessional and small business, skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled)

Question 20

career counseling was born out of what?

Answer 20

OK, some sources say matching soldiers to appropriate jobs during World War I
(but NOT WWII)
others say it was a result of the Industrial Revolution and social reform movements

Question 21

Frank Parson’s famous book was called

Answer 21

Choosing a Vocation

Question 22

Super changed his terminology from career ____ to career _____

Answer 22

changed from career maturity to career adaptability

more important that a person can adapt to changes than master predictable developmental tasks (mature)

Question 23

Super’s 5 vocational development tasks

Answer 23

Crystallization (setting a general vocational goal)
Specification (set a more specific career goal)
Implementation (get training for a particular job)
Stabilization (using skills to do a job)
Consolidation (ages 35+ - having an established career with experience, status, advancement, seniority)

Question 24

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Herma, and Axelrad believed these 4 factors influenced vocational choice

Answer 24

the reality factor
educational process
the emotional factor
personal values

Question 25

____, ____, and ____ created their social cognitive career theory based on the work of ____

Answer 25

Lent, Brown, and Hackett | based on Bandura

Question 26

in Gottfredson's idea of circumscription, there are ___ stages. They involve orientation to what?

Answer 26

``` 4 stages orientation to size and power orientation to sex roles orientation to social valuation orientation to the internal unique self ```

Question 27

____ describes your "self image" as your "career anchor"

Answer 27

Edgar Schein | "Schein's Career Anchors" says that insight, competency, and motivation becomes a person's career anchor

Question 28

who established the Boston Vocational Bureau in 1908?

Answer 28

Frank Parsons

Question 29

What was the first career-guidance organization?

Answer 29

National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) which changed to National Career Guidance Association is part of ACA (NVGA was also part of the APGA when ACA was that)

Question 30

the Smith-Hughes National Vocational Education Act of 1917 provided what for career guidance?

Answer 30

provided federal funds for career guidance | called for isolating career information from the rest of the academic cirriculum

Question 31

What happened as a result of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA)?

Answer 31

expanded K-12 counselor ed programs by giving $$ to grad students (a result of Sputnick - i.e. 'defense')

Question 32

School-to-Work Act of 1994

Answer 32

allowed students to work and go to school (and use it as credit) helped students prepare for college

Question 33

_____ is the "father" of career guidance. ____ is the "pioneer and forerunner"

Answer 33

Frank Parsons = father | George A. Merrill = pioneer & forerunner

Question 34

____ developed the career maturity inventory and had thoughts about work adjustment

Answer 34

John Crites

Question 35

who created the theory of vocational choice?

Answer 35

Holland

Question 36

who created the social learning theory of career counseling?

Answer 36

Krumboltz

Question 37

who developed computerized vocational systems, like CVIS, DISCOVER, and VISIONS?

Answer 37

Joanne Harris-Bowlsbey

Question 38

Career counselors refuse to provide services to a client via the Internet who...

Answer 38

will not self-identify

Question 39

career counselors don't use technology to _____ if it has not been solicited

Answer 39

to advertise services

Question 40

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

Answer 40

established the minimum wage standards for overtime prohibited employment of minors

Question 41

Which Act prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities?

Answer 41

ADA of 1990

Question 42

career salience is ___ and involves these 3 factors:

Answer 42

career salience is the importance a person places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles 3 factors: participation - spending time/energy commitment - emotional attachment to work role value expectation - satisfaction gained

Question 43

expressed interests vs manifest interests vs tested interests

Answer 43

expressed interests - spoken manifest interests - observable through the activities in which people engage tested interests - reflected by how much a person knows about a topic

Question 44

who was the first career theorist to consider career adaptability?

Answer 44

Super

Question 45

occupational stress is the chronic what kind of strain that results from ongoing job stressors?

Answer 45

psychological

Question 46

3 stages of burnout:

Answer 46

1. emotional exhaustion 2. depersonalization (detach from job; develop cynicism and indifference) 3. reduced personal accomplishment (self-efficacy goes down and as a result so does performance)

Question 47

career _____ is liked to mental, behavioral, and physical symptoms

Answer 47

burnout

Question 48

trait and factor career theory is influenced by ___ and ____

Answer 48

Frank Parsons and | Edmund G. Williamson

Question 49

what are the 5 basic traits/factors that make up the gaining self-understanding stage of trait-and-factor interventions?

Answer 49

``` aptitude interests values personality achievement ```

Question 50

the Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA) is a _____ theory that was developed by ____ and ____ and involves terms like satisfactoriness and satisfaction

Answer 50

TWA is a trait and type theory | developed by Dawis and Lofquist

Question 51

correspondence (in career theory)

Answer 51

a term from TWA | the degree to which the individual and the work environment continue to meet each others' needs

Question 52

to adjust to work, clients can either engage in activeness or reactiveness. What does this mean?

Answer 52

Activeness - make changes to the work environment | Reactiveness - make changes in themselves

Question 53

in Holland's theory, what does congruence mean? What does consistency mean?

Answer 53

congruence means how similar a person's type is to their work environment type consistency means how close their Holland letters are to each other on the hexigon

Question 54

In Holland's theory, what does differentiation mean?

Answer 54

differentiation is calculated by subtracting the lowest score of your type from the highest score of your type. it shows you how much you favor one type. UNdifferentiated people have a hard time making career choices

Question 55

who made a values-based theory of career?

Answer 55

Duane Brown

Question 56

_____ believed that people could engage in _____, or go back to a career stage that they had been in before

Answer 56

Super believed people could engage in recycling, or going back to a career stage they've been in before

Question 57

how many life roles did Super acknowledge?

Answer 57

9

Question 58

one of Super's most important contributions was his emphasis on the role that ____ plays in a person's career

Answer 58

self-concept

Question 59

Which 3 theorists were career transition theorists? (technically developmental)

Answer 59

Nancy Schlossberg - anticipated transitions, unanticipated transitions, chronic hassles, non-events (being sloshed at work all the time is a chronic hassle!) Hopson and Adams - 7 stages (added involuntary and voluntary transitions) (hope to a new career!)