Group Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Joseph Pratt
A
ran the first group (psychoeducational) from 1905-1923
goal was to educate and support patients with tuberculosis
2
Q
Jesse Davis
A
principal in Grand Rapids, MI, who introduced group work in a school setting in 1907
taught life skills and values
3
Q
Frank Parsons
A
founder of vocational guidance and counseling professions, used groups to facilitate career and vocational development
4
Q
PTSD groups were used in ___
A
WWI and WWII; called “combat fatigue”
5
Q
J. L. (Jacob) Moreno
A
created the Theater of Spontaneity, the earliest form of psychodrama
organized the first society of group therapists (the American Society for Group Psychotherapy)
coined the term “group psychotherapy” / “group therapy”
6
Q
S. R. Slavson
A
founded the American Group Psychotherapy Association in 1942
resulted in groups being in schools
7
Q
Lewis Wender
A
articulated the first guidelines for group therapeutic factors in 1920
8
Q
A.A. was founeded in ___
A
founded in 1930s
9
Q
Kurt Lewin
A
invented T-groups (training groups; mostly used in industrial and organizational settings to process personnel interactions and improve efficiency)
first T-group was conducted in 1946
10
Q
What spurred classroom guidance — a psychoeducational group work approach?
A
the Soviet launch of Sputnick I in 1957
classroom guidance was eventually largely replaced by group counseling
11
Q
When in history did the popularity of groups first flourish?
A
the 1960s, bc of the social climate and hippie movement
12
Q
Group therapy research decreased from ___ to ____
A
1960 to 1980
13
Q
encounter groups
A
AKA sensitivity groups
started by Cal Rogers in the 60s and 70s to encourage and assist the pursuit of individual growth and development
14
Q
marathon group
A
members meet together for 24-48 hours; members are expected to become more authentic and engage in true self-disclosure
developed by Frederick Stoller and George Bach, who created the idea in the 1960s
15
Q
ASGW
A
Association for Specialists in Group work
founded in 1973 as a division of the ACA
16
Q
Strengths of group work
A
time efficiency for the leader less costly greater resources (fellow members) feeling of safety and belonging replication of the everyday world (a microcosm of society) practice new skills and get feedback committment power of the peer group interpersonal power (help others)
17
Q
Challenges of group work
A
pressure to confirm reality distortion avoidance confidentiality unhealthy attachments institutional barriers (time, setting)
18
Q
reality distortion
A
when a group provides an example of social reality that is not achievable in the outside world
19
Q
therapeutic factors (or curative factors) of groups
A
by Yalom (an existential therapst): Instillation of hope Imparting of information about healthy living Altruism Family reenactment Development of socialization techniques Imitative behavior Interpersonal learning (through member interactions with others) Cohesiveness Universality Catharsis Existential factors/learning (ex: confront own mortality)
20
Q
AGPA
A
American Group Psychotherapy Association
21
Q
ASGPP
A
American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama
founded by J. L. Moreno
22
Q
NTL
A
National Training Laboratory
uses Lewin’s approach to organizational leadership and change
offers certificate programs for business programs and a master’s degree in organizational development
23
Q
Tavistok Institute
A
promotes training in group dynamics and leadership coaching for businesses
24
Q
Esalen Institute
A
uses a humanistic approach to enrich and explore human potential through workshops, forums, and retreats
25
types of groups
psychoeducational
task groups
counseling groups
psychotherapy groups
26
psychoeducational groups
more structured
emphasize skill development
preventative
commonly used in PK-12
27
task groups
focus is not on changing people but on completing the task at hand
ex: committee work
28
counseling groups
promote behavioral changes
problem-oriented but can be preventive, growth-oriented, or remedial
short in length
often focus on developmental or adjustment issues
29
psychotherapy groups
for severe or chronic problems
typically carry a DSM diagnosis
more long-term
30
primary tasks of group leaders
executive functions (planning, establishing boundaries)
building a group culture (norms)
bring members in the here and now
31
group leaders are usually more ____ in the ___ stages of groups
more active in the early stages
32
leader styles
authoritarian
democratic
lassiez-faire
33
which is usually considered the ideal leadership style for groups?
democratic
34
initiating
a leader or member technique
a leader provides direction for members by initiating group topics or activities
a member makes suggestions or takes action to move the group toward goals
35
linking
a leader technique
| connect member themes, issues, and similarities to facilitate shared perspectives, commonalities, and goals
36
blocking (leader)
stop a counterproductive member behavior in order to protect other members from potentially damaging interactions
37
role playing
a leader technique
demonstrate and practice (leader and member) skills and applications in a safe environment so that members gain experience and feedback that will allow them to apply the skills and behaviors in out-of-group situations
38
tracking
a leader technique
| verbally clarify to keep up with and clarify for members the content and process of group interactions
39
drawing out
a leader technique
| interact directly with a member to get them to contribute to a discussion or activity
40
pairing
a leader technique
| form smaller groups within the larger group to engage in activities or focused sharing
41
making the rounds
a leader technique
| having group members take turns sharing their perspectives on a given focused topic
42
in group work, resistance may take the form of...
```
absence
tardiness
silence
excessive talkativeness (monopolizing)
rescuing behaviors
distracting the group from pursuing goals
```
43
resistance and conflict is usually observed during the ___ phase of groups
transition
44
ways that co-leaders are paired
Experience with Experience
Experience with Inexperience
Inexperience with Inexperience
45
role differentiation
when a member begins to adopt a role in the group
46
role conflict
when members experience conflicting demands of various roles (e.g., shy member is asked to self-disclose)
the roles a member plays come into conflict
47
role ambiguity
when a member is not sure of the role expectations or behavior requirements they should fulfill
48
group members must engage in these essential tasks
self-disclosure (no advice)
| feedback
49
Johari window
helps members understand appropriate levels of self-disclosure
50
Quadrants of the Johari window
Quadrant I: Public/open
Quadrant II: Private/Hidden
Quadrant III: Blind
Quadrant IV: Unknown/unconscious
51
gatekeeping
when a member or leader insists on adherence to established group norms
52
facilitation
a member behavior
helps to promote group process and cohesion
those who self-disclose and even try to identify group process variables or speak on behalf of the group when summarizing are using facilitation
53
aggressiveness vs. hostility in group members
aggressiveness - frequent disagreement and attempts to forcefully impose ideas on the group
hostility - fighting
54
blocking (member)
AKA resisting
not participating, and thus keeping the group from progressing to a working stage
impedes group cohesion and progress
55
informing
when a member talks about other members outside of the group (bad for confidentiality)
56
focusing on others
a member behavior - often an attempt to avoid self-focus and self-disclosure
57
suggestions for nondefensive leader responses
express your difficulty with a member without denigrating their character
avoid responding to sarcasm with sarcasm
be honest with members rather than mystifying the process
encourage members to explore their defensiveness rather than demand they give up that way of protecting themselves
avoid labeling and instead describe the behavior
state observations as a hunch/tentatively
do not retreat from conflict
provide a balance between support and challenge
invite members to share how they are personally affected by problematic behaviors of other members while blocking judgments, evaluations, and criticisms
58
planned theme group
restricted to individuals with a demonstrated need in a particular area
AKA structured
59
spontaneous groups
do not have planned content themes and are designed to provide personal growth and support
membership is generally dictated by need for general development and member characteristics (e.g., age)
AKA unstructured
60
benefits and drawbacks of homogenous groups
benefits: quicker identification, better attendance, decreased resistance, better insight
61
benefits and drawbacks of heterogeneous groups
better reality testing, deeper learning, better transference
group members who are too heterogeneous may have difficulty relating to each other
62
drawbacks of open groups
limits group cohesion, trust, and process
63
ideal sizes for types of groups and ages
task (4-5)
psychoeducational (6-12)
counseling (6-12)
psychotherapy (4-10)
Younger than 8 years - 3-4 kids
64
if co-leaders are used, group membership can be increased by ___
50 - 75%
65
optimal group size (generally)
8
66
optimal group duration
```
90-120 minutes
(fatigue if the group runs too long)
def keep it under 2 hours
```
67
___ and ___ groups tend to run longer than ___ groups
counseling and psychotherapy groups tend to run longer than psychoeducational groups, which are time-limited
psychotherapy groups may run years
68
these types of members should not be in groups
clients in crisis
actively suicidal or homicidal
disruptive needs for attention
paranoid clients
self-centered
social phobia or fear of speaking/sharing in the presence of others
severe/extreme psychological disturbance (psychotic/out of touch with reality)
69
factors of members who drop out of groups
```
lower IQ
low motivation
low SES
problem denial
poor social skills
poor self-disclosure skills
unrealistic demands
lack of insight
lack of interpersonal sensitivity
```
70
an informed consent document is given during ___
the individual pre-group interview/screening
71
group content vs. process
content - the "what"; the subject under discussion
group process - the interplay of forces or dynamics between group members and leaders; the "how" occurring in the here and now
72
group cohesion
feelings of belonging and inclusion that members and leaders experience through group interactions
an important determiner of group effectiveness, attendance, and self-disclosure
73
factors that affect group cohesion
group size (smaller --> cohesion faster)
subgroupings (alliances or. cliques) and alienation can occur in larger groups
homogenous groups reach cohesion faster
cohesion is enhanced when meetings are frequent and membership is stable
cohesion is enhanced when members set personal and group goals
74
cohesiveness is usually strongest during the ___ phase of groups and is associated with ___'s theory
working phase
| associated with Kurt Lewin
75
3 primary factors of cohesion identified by Yalom and Leszcs
```
interpersonal factors (homogeneity, atmosphere)
group factors (size, goals, activity, leadership)
group environment (intergroup conflict, group status)
```
76
group ____ can be beneficial or destructive
alliances (subgroupings)
77
sociogram
graphical representation of group member interaction patterns
78
conformity to group norms is affected by
degree to which members helped establish the norms
cohesiveness
status (low-status have less to lose by not conforming)
79
group ____ can be dysfunctional
norms
| ex: don't self-disclose, disrespect the leader, be aggressive toward other members or leader
80
_____ proposed 6 sources of power in groups
French and Raven (1968)
81
6 sources of power in groups
```
reward
coercive
legitimate
referent
expert
informational
```
82
at its core, resistance is ___
a covert attempt to prevent or resist change
83
group leaders must recognize that aggression usually stems from ____
unmet needs and anxieties that are unrelated to the group process
84
stages of group development
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning
OR
Forming and Orienting, Transition, Working, Termination
85
Forming/orienting stage
members cautiously test the leader and group members to see if the group is a trusting, safe, and secure environment
approach-avoidance response to group work
superficial social acceptance and communications to test the waters
leader is more active
86
transition stage
similar to adolescence
testing boundaries, establishing power structures, most conflict
until intimacy and trust are established --> transitions to working stage
87
working stage
accomplishing goals
less dependence on the group leader
leader is more passive
88
termination stage
expression of how what was accomplished in the group will be generalized to the outside world
89
what should the leader do if a group member wants to terminate
attempt to hold a termination session so the member and other group members can have closure
terminating member may reconsider leaving
the session can help all members consolidate their learning and discuss generalizability
90
process evaluation
assessment of group dynamics and interaction processes occurring within the group
91
assessments for screening group members
Elements (Schutz)
Hill Interaction Matrix
Group Therapy Survey
Group Psychotherapy Evaluation Scale
92
outcome evaluation
evaluates how members are different because of groups
93
group member satisfaction is highest in the ___ stage(s) and lowest in the ___ stage(s)
highest in the working and termination stage
| lowest in the transition stage
94
___ increases group member satisfaction
whether attendance is mandatory or not
| mandatory attendance = lower satisfaction
95
group climate measures
assess which stage of group processes the members have entered and provide leaders with member assessments of group climate
96
(SAVI)
Sequential Analysis of Verbal Intelligence;
| a measure to evaluate group process/interaction
97
before the 1960s, most counseling took place ___
in a dyadic relationship
98
In the 1940s, 2 organizations related to group work were created:
American Society for Group Psychotherapy
and
American Group Psychotherapy Association
99
____ engaged in group treatment during the 1920s...
Adler, at his child guidance clinics in Vienna
100
Gerald Caplan
pioneer in crisis intervention
101
3 classifications of crisis intervention
primary - prevention
secondary - problem is there but not severe; includes some prevention
tertiary - problem is there and trying to lessen symptoms; deals with individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding
102
___ during World War ___ that made group counseling popular
many people had severe psychological problems, yet there was a personnel shortage during WWII
103
fragmented
a group with low cohesion
104
psychoeducational groups may also be called
guidance groups (out of favor)
affective education groups
psychological education groups
105
using the terms therapy vs. counseling in group work
therapy (psychotherapy) - problem is more severe, used in inpatient psychiatric hospitals, a tertiary group
counseling group - not psychodynamic, focus on conscious concerns
106
___ group exercises are not as beneficial as ___
structured group exercises are not as beneficial as unstructured
107
risky shift phenomenon
a group will come to a riskier decision than individuals would have come to on their own
(e.g., remember when you were a teen)
108
group polarization
a person's views may become more extreme after they participate in a group
109
behavioral groups are often ___
highly structured
110
support group vs. self-help group
support group is conducted by an organization (AA) and may charge fees
self-help group is more informal
111
Yalom says the most important trait for group members is the ability to ___
trust
112
the ___ group is more like a microcosm of the social system
heterogenous
113
people in groups who are ___ will sit together
similar
114
universality
knowing that we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem
AKA mutuality
115
the democratic style is usually best.
however, autocratic can be best when ___
and lassiez-faire can be best when___
autocratic is best when an immediate decision is necessary
| lassiez-faire is best when the group has made a decision and is committed to it
116
who and when conducted the classic study on leadership styles
Lewin, Lippitt, and White - 1939
they found that children displayed the best behavior when treated in a democratic fashion
the other leadership styles led to aggression
117
coleaders should sit ____
on opposite sides of the group, rather than next to one another
118
reluctant client
when a client is referred for treatment and is not enthusiastic about it
119
structured vs. unstructured groups
structured - theme is planned
unstructured - more about the age grouping
AKA planned theme and spontaneous groups
120
a group cannot not have ___
structure
121
the ___ may wish that they were secretly running the group
gatekeeper
122
isolate role
person in the group who is ignored
rejected
"silent"
different from scapegoat, as they do receive attention (but it's negative attention)
123
self-serving role
seen as negative; meets individual needs at the expense of the group
ex: refuses to participate, criticizes or disagrees with others
124
a way to resolve a conflict between group members
the leader prescribes a task on which all of the members must work together in order to accomplish it
125
avoidance-avoidance vs approach-avoidance
avoidance-avoidance - choosing between 2 bad options
approach-avoidance - happens in intial group session - want to open up but afraid of rejection
126
ecological planning
the process of obtaining information to determine whether a group is the most desirable form of treatment
127
vertical vs. horizontal group interventions
vertical - working with one group member; individual counseling in a group setting ("intrapersonal"); more likely to work on the past
horizontal - working with the whole group ("interpersonal") more likely to work in the here and now
128
practical research about what exactly works best in a group is...
scarce
129
the most effective group leaders have the following characteristics
??? we don't know!
