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Histo Exam 2 Lecture > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of cartilage:

A

-avascular
-no nerve supply or lymphatics
-extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What are the cells of cartilage?

A

chondroblasts or chondrocytes

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3
Q

What are the functions of cartilage?

A

-bear mechanical stresses without distortion
-shock absorber
-frictionless movement at joints
-bone repair
-fracture repair

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4
Q

What the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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5
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

dense connective tissue interface around hyaline and elastic cartilage
-carry blood supply
-source of new cartilage cells

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6
Q

What are fibrogenic cells?

A

outer perichondrium, become fibroblasts and give rise to fibers and ground substance

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7
Q

What are chondrogenic cells?

A

inner perichondrium, give rise to chondroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

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8
Q

When are chondroblasts formed?

A

when there is not high amounts of oxygen

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9
Q

When are osteoprogenitors formed?

A

where there is oxygen present

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10
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

replicating cells that secrete cartilaginous extracellular matrix
-flatter cells with large nucleus

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11
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

round cells with small, dark nuclei
-often in groups of 2-8 cells (isogenous groups)

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12
Q

What are chondroclasts?

A

cells in cartilage that is removing calcified cartilage
-appear to enter cartilage with vasculature

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13
Q

What does the matrix of cartilage do?

A

resist compressive forces

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14
Q

What are the components of cartilage matrix?

A

fibers (collagen) and GAGs

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15
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

core proteins with GAG side chains

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16
Q

What is the most abundant monomer of GAGs in proteoglycans?

A

aggrecan

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17
Q

What causes the gel like consistency of matrix of cartilage?

A

electrostatic bonds between collagen fibers and GAG side chains
-bind of water to GAGs

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18
Q

What attach matrix components to one another?

A

glycoproteins

19
Q

What are the glycoproteins associated with matrix?

A

link proteins, fibronectin, and chondronectin

20
Q

What do chondronectin bind to?

A

C-4 and C-6 sulfates , HA and integrins

21
Q

What is the territorial matrix?

A

matrix found around each chondrocytes
-high amounts of GAGs and low collagen

22
Q

What is the inter-territorial matrix?

A

surrounds the territorial matrix
-more collagen II, fewer proteoglycans

23
Q

What forms the consistency of hyaline cartilage?

A

extensive cross linkinh

24
Q

What do proteoglycans associate with in hyaline cartilage?

A

collagen II fibrils

25
Q

What surrounds hyaline cartilage? (except for in articular surfaces)

A

surrounded and nourished by perichondrium

26
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage?

A

-temporary skeleton in embryo
-epiphyseal plates

27
Q

What causes growth of hyaline cartilage?

A

hormones

28
Q

What causes abnormal growth and calcification of hyaline cartilage?

A

hormones and vitamins

29
Q

What is a characteristic of elastic cartilage?

A

increased flexibility
-returns to original shape after deformation

30
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

auricle, auditory tube, ear, epiglottis, and laryngeal cartilages

31
Q

Characteristics of fibrocartilage:

A

-no perichondrium
-chondrocytes in rows
-abundant collagen I and II
-ground substance has dermatan and chondroitin sulfate

32
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

ligaments, articular surfaces, symphysis pubis, menisci, labrum, intervertebral discs

33
Q

What can form due to damage in hyaline cartilage?

A

fibrocartilage

34
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

new cartilage forming on surfaces of pre-existing cartilage

35
Q

Where does appositional growth occur?

A

inner layer of perichondrium

36
Q

What do chondrogenic cells make?

A

collagen I (in perichondrium)

37
Q

What do chondroblasts secrete?

A

collagen II and ground substance

38
Q

What are the stages of interstitial growth?

A

take place within cartilage mass itself
-chondrocytes divide within lacunae (make more isogenous groups)
-chondrocytes secrete more matrix, which increase mass of cartilage
-overall growth due to secretion of new matrix

39
Q

What limits interstitial growth?

A

avascular nature

40
Q

What typically repairs damaged cartilage?

A

perichondrium

41
Q

Are a lot of chondrocytes produced in adulthood?

A

no, few are produced

42
Q

What replaces cartilage?

A

dense connective tissue or bone (if vascularized)

43
Q

What stimulates bone growth instead of cartilage repair?

A

proximity of blood vessels

Histo Exam 2 Lecture (9 decks)

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