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Histo Exam 2 Lecture > Integument and Barries to Infections > Flashcards

Integument and Barries to Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

integument

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2
Q

What are the two components of the integumentary system?

A

skin and epidermal derivatives (skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and mammary glands)

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the integumentary system?

A

epidermis (ectoderm) , dermis (mesoderm), and hypodermis

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4
Q

What is thick skin?

A

it is thick
>5mm
-palms of head and soles of feet

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5
Q

What is thin skin?

A

thinner
1-2 mm

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6
Q

General functions of integumentary system?

A

-protection
-water barrier
-thermoregulation
-metabolic function
-sensation

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7
Q

What makes finger prints?

A

epidermal ridges and underlying dermal papillae

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8
Q

What causes tension lines?

A

arrangement of collagen fibers in the dermis

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9
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

outer layer of skin
-from the ectoderm
-have ability to regenerate
-stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium

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10
Q

What the five layers of epidermis form superficial to deep?

A

-stratum corneum
-stratum lucidum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale

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11
Q

What allows the epidermis and dermis to be held together?

A

epidermal interpapillary peg and rete ridges interlock with the dermal ridge

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12
Q

What does the dermal papillae do?

A

project upward into the epidermal layer
-found in thick skin

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13
Q

what are the cells of the epidermis called?

A

keratinocytes
-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

Is there blood flow to the epidermis?

A

no
-the blood vessels do not penetrate the basement membrane

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15
Q

What supplies the epidermis? (blood)

A

blood vessels in the dermis

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16
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular layer

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17
Q

characteristics of papillary layer of dermis:

A

-dense irregular CT
-damage to elastic fibers as you age
-pegs connect to the epidermis
-basal keratinocytes anchor to basement membrane
-add strength
-highly innervated and vascularized

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18
Q

What is in the reticular layer of dermis?

A

collagen bundles and coarse reticular fibers for support

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19
Q

Where are hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands?

A

in reticular layer of dermis

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20
Q

What are the thick collagen bundles and elastic fibers in reticular layer?

A

langer lines

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21
Q

What type of incisions have less scarring?

A

incisions parallel to langer lines

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22
Q

What is Bullous pemphigoid?

A

acute or chronic autoimmune skin disease involving the formation of blisters at the space between the dermis and epidermis

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23
Q

What is attacked in Bullous pemphigoid?

A

dystonin and/or type XVII collagen
-both associated with hemidesmosomes

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24
Q

What is the subpapillary plexus?

A

blood supply in skin at the junction of papillary and reticular layers

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25
Q

What is the cutaneous plexus?

A

blood supply in skin and the junction of reticular layer and hypodermis

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26
Q

What is the subcutaneous plexus?

A

blood supply in skin located deep in the hypodermis

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27
Q

Characteristics of stratum basale:

A

cuboidal or columnar
-rest on basement membrane
-lots of hemidesmosomes
-mitotic figures

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28
Q

Characteristics of stratum spinosum:

A

flattened polygons
-oval nuclei
-lots of desmosomes
-spine like cell processed (prickle cells)

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29
Q

Characteristics of stratum granulosum:

A

-flattened cells, flattened nuclei
-basophilic keratohyaline granules
-granules have involucin that interaction with cytokeratin and produce protein keratin
-increased tight functions

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30
Q

What initiates keratinization?

A

release of lysosomal enzymes that come from rupture of keratohyaline granules and polymerization of their contents

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31
Q

What does lyozyme do to cells?

A

kill them

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32
Q

Where are keratinosomes?

A

cells of granular layer that have membrane bound lamellar structures

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33
Q

What do keratinosomes do?

A

contain glycolipids and provide waterproofing coat for skin cells

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34
Q

Characteristics of stratum lucidum:

A

keratinocytes have no nuclei
-intermediate layer between granulocytes and stratum corneum
-form barrier to water
-found in thick skin

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35
Q

Characteristics of stratum corneum:

A

-keratinocyte are flattened, no nuclei (squames)
-contain keratin filaments
-aid in permeability barrier, prevents desiccation
-continuously exfoliated

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36
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

neuroectodermal dendritic cells in epidermis
-usually restricted to basal layers

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37
Q

What do melanocytes make?

A

melanin (skin pigment)

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38
Q

Where is melanin released from?

A

melanosomes inside melanocytes

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39
Q

Steps melanocytes take during sun exposure:

A

-when skin is exposed to UV radiation, melanocytes send more melanin to the surface of the skin
-melanin directly absorbs UV rays and attempts to prevent the skin from burning
-as more melanin accumulates, the skin tans or freckles

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40
Q

When does a sunburn occur?

A

when the skin cannot produce melanin quickly enough to prevent the UV rays from injuring blood vessels close to the skin’s surface

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41
Q

What is eumelanin?

A

(dark brown/black pigment)
-present in dark haired individuals

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42
Q

What is pheomelanin?

A

(red to yellow pigment)
-present in individuals with red or blond hair

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43
Q

What causes the differing skin tone in people?

A

the rates of melanin production and degeneration by lysosomal enzymes
-NOT the number of melanocytes

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44
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

autoimmune disease
-destruction of melanocytes
-depigmentation

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45
Q

What controls melanin synthesis?

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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46
Q

What is the process of producing melanin?

A

tyrosin precursor first oxidized to DOPA by tyrosinase
-conversion of DOPA to melanin in melanosome

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47
Q

What do albinos not have?

A

tyrosinase

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48
Q

What is MITF?

A

microphthalemia associated transcription factor
-regulate the differentiation of melanocytes
-lack of MITF = ocular albinism type 1
-excess MITF associated with melanoma

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49
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

phagocytic, involved in immune responses
-travel to lymph nodes and then interact with T cells
-antigen presenting cells
-monitor foreign antigen that contact epidermis

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50
Q

Where are langerhans cells?

A

in stratum spinosum

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51
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

inflammatory skin disorder
-initiated by Langerhans cells
-excess proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes from stratum basale to stratum corneum
-increased inflammatory cells
-angiogenesis occurs
-stratum corneum thickens and form plaques

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52
Q

What are retinoids?

A

steroid-free alternative in wide range of skin disorder including acne photoaging, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and psoriasis

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53
Q

Where are the nerves and blood vessels of skin?

A

hypodermis

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54
Q

What is dermatitis?

A

eczema
-inflammation of the skin
-itchy, erythematous, vesicular, weeping, and crusting patches

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55
Q

What is the cause of dermatitis?

A

unclear
-possible dysfunctional interplay between the immune system and skin

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56
Q

Common skin tumors

A

-squamous cell carcinoma
-basal cell carcinoma
-melanoma

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57
Q

What type of skin tumors are from epithelial cells?

A

squamous and basal cell

58
Q

What type of skin cells cause melanoma?

A

melanocytes

59
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

A

-nests in squamous epithelial cells arising from the epidermis and extending into the dermis
-eosinophilic cytoplasm and a large, often vesicular, nucleus

60
Q

What is basal cell carcinoma?

A

aggregates of basal cells with a cytoplasm and large, hyperchromatic nuclei, apoptotic cells, and all included in a fibromyxoid stoma

61
Q

What is melanoma?

A

pagetoid spread of melanocytes with variable size and shape, melanoctyes with lymphovascular spaces, deep and atypical mitosis and increased apoptosis

62
Q

What is first intention healing?

A

from a clean (surgical) approximated incision
-incision immediately fill with blood and clots

63
Q

What is the acute phase of wound healing?

A

3-24 hours
neutrophils infiltrate the clot

64
Q

When does epithelial closure happen?

A

24-48 hours
-epithelial cells of stratum basal begin mitosis

65
Q

What happens during day 3-7 of wound repair?

A

neutrophils being to be replaced by macrophages

66
Q

What happens around day 5 of wound repair?

A

incision filled with granulation tissue

67
Q

What happens in week 2 of wound repair?

A

continued fibroplasia and collagen accumulation
-mature granulation tissue
-progressive decrease in inflammation
-cause itch when healing

68
Q

What happens in month 2 of wound repair?

A

connective tissue scare, without inflammation, covered by intact epithelium
collagen breaks down and old scars can reopen and bleed

69
Q

What are keloids?

A

excess fibroplasia
-raised, thickened connective tissue scar

70
Q

What is second intention healing?

A

occurs with more extensive loss of tissue, where wound edges do not approximate

71
Q

What is the migration time of epithelial cells of stratum basale?

A

0.5 mm/day

72
Q

How long does it take to fill a 1 cm wide cut?

A

3 weeks

73
Q

How long does it take for cells to mature from stratum basal to stratum corneum?

A

25 days

74
Q

How long does it take for scabs to lift from the periphery?

A

around 3 weeks

75
Q

What causes wound contraction?

A

myofibroblasts

76
Q

What type of burns require grafting?

A

third degree burns

77
Q

What do 1st degree burns affect?

A

involve only epidermis

78
Q

What do 2nd degree burns affect?

A

involve both epidermis and dermis

79
Q

What do 3rd degree burns affect?

A

involve all three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

80
Q

What do exteroceptors sense?

A

external environment

81
Q

What do proprioceptors sense?

A

position and movement of the body

82
Q

What do interceptors sense?

A

internal organs

83
Q

What do mechanoreceptors sense?

A

stretch, vibration, and mechanical deformation

84
Q

What do thermoreceptors sense?

A

respond to cold or hot

85
Q

What do nociceptors sense?

A

response to pain

86
Q

What are Meissner corpusles?

A

present in dermal papilla
-tactile receptor
-cylindrical structures
-afferent nerve fibers associated with minimally modified Schwann cells

87
Q

What are peritrichial nerve ending?

A

nerve fibers wrapped around the base of the hair follicle
-stimulated by hair movement

88
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

neural crest cell derived cell in basal layer of epidermis
-tactile receptor
-look like melanocyte
-store serotonin in dense core granules
-have pressure sensitive mechanoreceptors

89
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Lack myelin or Schwann cells
-respond to pain and temperature

90
Q

What are Ruffini end organs?

A

respond to stretching
-in skin and joint capsule
-dermal mechanoreceptors in soles of feet

91
Q

What are Pacinian corpusle?

A

sensitive to pressure and vibration
-found in hypodermis and deep fascia tissues
-large ovoid structures
-in fingerprints and around joint
-affect nerve fibers with highly modified Schwann cells
-form concentric lamellae

92
Q

Where are free nerve endings?

A

epidermis and papillary dermis
-surround most hair follicles

93
Q

What glands are associated with hair?

A

sebaceous glands

94
Q

What smooth muscle bundles are associated with?

A

arrector pili

95
Q

What covers the shaft of hair?

A

thin cuticle of overlapping keratin plates

96
Q

What do large hairs have?

A

central medulla

97
Q

What is it called with the arrector pili muscles contract and cause goose bumps?

A

piloerection

98
Q

What causes piloerection?

A

sympathetic stimulation

99
Q

What is the function of hair in mammals?

A

thermoregulation
as well as a display of color and shape

100
Q

What are the three phases of hair growth?

A

anagen (long phase of active growth)
catagen (short phase of involution)
telogen (short inactive involuted phase)

101
Q

What is exogen?

A

shedding of old hair shaft

102
Q

What is vellus hair?

A

thin body hair of children

103
Q

What is terminal hair?

A

the hair that replaces vellus hair after puberty

104
Q

Where does hair form?

A

in the stratum basale of epidermis

105
Q

What must interact for hair formation?

A

hair germ cells and fibroblasts from dermal papilla

106
Q

What makes up the hair shaft?

A

medulla and cortex surrounded by cuticle

107
Q

What forms the internal root sheath?

A

hair bulb

108
Q

What forms the external root sheath?

A

epidermis

109
Q

What is a glassy membrane?

A

modified basement membrane
-separates hair bulb from surrounding dermis

110
Q

Where is the hair follicle rooted?

A

in dermis

111
Q

What is androgenic alopecia?

A

most common form of hair loss
30-40% of adults
-affected adults have high levels of 5 alpha reductase

112
Q

What does 5-alpha reductase do?

A

convert testosterone to dihydroxytestosterone

113
Q

What are cutaneous horns made of?

A

keratin

114
Q

what covers the proximal nail bed?

A

epithelium
-eponychium

115
Q

What is the cuticle of nail?

A

thick corneal layer of eponychium extending on the dorsal surface of nail plate

116
Q

What is the hyponychium?

A

union between nail bed and the nail plate at the end of the fingertip

117
Q

What is it called when the hyponychium is disrupted and fungus invade?

A

onychomycosis

118
Q

What corneocytes?

A

cells that make up the nail plate and do not have nuclei or organelles

119
Q

What causes the hardness of the nails?

A

high sulfur matrix proteins

120
Q

What is the nail bed?

A

the ventral surface of the nail plate

121
Q

What is the nail plate?

A

flattening of epidermal cells, nuclear fragmentation, and condensation of cytoplasm to form horny cells

122
Q

What is normal nail growth length?

A

0.1 - 1.2 mm per day

123
Q

What skin layer is missing in nail plate?

A

stratum granulosum

124
Q

Do fingernails or toenails grow faster?

A

fingernails

125
Q

What is the nail root?

A

the proximal end of nail
-extends into dermis and attached to periosteum of distal phalanx

126
Q

Where does nail growth occur?

A

epithelium of nail root in germative zone of nail matrix

127
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

associated with hair follicles
-produce sebum which is a lipid rich substance that is oily
-holocrine secretion

128
Q

Where is sebum secreted?

A

pilosebaceous canal

129
Q

What is seborrhea?

A

excessive secretion of sebum

130
Q

What is a pilosebaceous unit?

A

each hair follicle and associated arrector pili muscle and subaceous gland

131
Q

What are eccrine/merocrine sweat glands?

A

coiled tubular glands
-long ducts with cubodial epithelium that empties into a sweat pore
-merocrine secretion

132
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands?

A

located in specialized areas and empty into a hair follicle

133
Q

Merocrine glands secrete…

A

only product

134
Q

Apocrine glands secrete…

A

product and some cytoplasm
(adrenergic)

135
Q

location of merocrine glands

A

over most of the body except lips and genetalia

136
Q

location of apocrine glands

A

axillae groin
(develop at puberty)

137
Q

What do apocrine glands contain?

A

proteins, carbs, ammonia, lipids, and organic products
-odorless when secreted. when broken down cause odor

138
Q

What type of glands secrete things that serve as sexual attractant?

A

apocrine

139
Q

What is cerumen?

A

ear wax

140
Q

Where are ceruminous glands?

A

external auditory meatus (these are modified apocrine glands)

141
Q

On average, how much does the body lose a day due to evaporation from lungs, skin, and mucous memrbanes?

A

600 ml/day

Histo Exam 2 Lecture (9 decks)

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