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Semester 2 FS Exam 2 > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Cartilage types

A

Articular
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

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2
Q

Articular

A

Hyaline
Most predominent in the body
Diarthrodial joints, growth plates

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3
Q

Fibrocartialge

A

Intervertebral disks, mandibular condyles, mensicus

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4
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Epiglottis, eustachian tube

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5
Q

Composition of cartilage

A

water = 65-85%
Collagen - 75%
Proteoglycan 20-25%

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6
Q

Function of hyaline

A

covers boen surfaces within joint capsule
Fluid filled, water resistant boen surface
- Supports/tansmits laods across mobile surfaces
- Distributes joint loads over a wider area (stress reduction)
- Stabilizes and guides joint motion
- Lines ends of bones 9prevent wear)
- Lubrication reduces friction coef (.0025)

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7
Q

Composition of hyaline

A

Water
Chondrocytes (1%)
Organic matrix - collagen and proteoglycans and GAGS

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8
Q

Chondrocytes in hyaline

A

Produce collagen and proteoglycan as needed
Release enzymes to breakdown aging components
Building and rebuilding - very low amount so low ability to regenerate

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9
Q

Collagen orientation -hyaline

A

Parallel to the surface on the superficial layer
Oblique in the middle layer
Perpendicular to the surface in teh deep zone

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10
Q

Proteoglycan content - hyaline

A

Increases from the sruface to the middle zone and diminishes towards the deep zone

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11
Q

Superficial zone of hyaline

A

densely packed collagen fibrils
Organized in parallel to articular surface
Onlong chondrocytes

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12
Q

Middle zone of hyaline

A

Fibers more or less randomly arranged
Greater fiber diamtere
Round chondrocytes

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13
Q

Deep zone hyaline

A

Cells arranged in columns along the radial direction

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14
Q

Calcified cartilage and subchondral bone - hyaline

A

large fibers from the deep zone anchor into this region

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15
Q

Proteoglycan + collagen (hyaline0

A

Form structural networks of significant strength and are the strucutural components that support the internal mechanical stressed that result from external loads

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16
Q

Collagen in cartilage

A

Creates framework that houses the other components of cartilate
Majority is type II
Provides cartialge with tensile strength

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17
Q

Proteoglycans of cartilage

A

Each subunit consists of a combination of protein and sugar - long protein chain
Sugar units attached densley in parallel
Subunits are attached at right angles to a long filament
Produce macromolecules - proteoglycan aggregate

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18
Q

Tissues with high proteoglycan content

A

High water content
Low hydraulic permeability (doesnt allow water in/out)
Can tolerate high comp stress
Damage to proteoglycans will result in inc water mobility and impaired mechanical function

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19
Q

Structure of water - hyaline

A

Proteoglycans can hold up to water 50 times their weight
70% of water is bound to proteo
Remaining 30% is bound to collagen
Inorganic ions (Ca, Na, Cl, K) are dissolved - balance the fixed changes on proteo and generate swelling pressure

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20
Q

Swelling pressure

A
  1. Each sugar has 1/2 neg charges so they repel within subunit and among neighbors
  2. Causes molecule to extend stiffly out in space
  3. Proteoglycan requires a mobile counter ion (Na+) to maintain electroneutrality
  4. Neg charges make molecules hydrophilic and cause water to be trapped within
  5. Gives articular carticlae resis to compression
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21
Q

Interaction btw chemical and mechanical factors

A

High conc of GAGS in solution at physiological pH
High conc of fixed neg charges that create strong intra and inter molecular repulsive forces
This froces tends to extend and stiffen PGs
Osmosis requires discharge or attraction of counter ions for electroneutrality

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22
Q

Mechanical Bx results in

A

swelling pressure
Develops tension on collagen network even in absence of external load
Ext load –> deformation –> internal press inc –> liquid tendsd to flow out of the tissue
PG conc inc –> osmotic swelling pressure inc and resistance to compression is achieved

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23
Q

Anisotropic

A

Due to inhomogenous distribution of collagen and PGs

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24
Q

Toe region

A

Collagen fibrils straighten out and un-crimp (look wavy)

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25
Linear region
Parallels the tensile strength of collagen fibirls: collagen aligns with axis of tension Proportional
26
Failure region
ruptures start to occur
27
Under tension cartilage...
collagen fibers will stretch along the axis of loading
28
Tensile loading is generated by the
intrinsic stiffness of collagen fibers
29
Tensile stiffness is a measure of | Depends on...
``` resistance to tensile loading Depends on: 1. density of collagen fibers 2. orientation of collagen fibers 3. type or amount of collagen cross linking ```
30
``` Tensile modulus (stiffness) varies from Depending on... ```
5-25 MPa depending on: 1. Location of joint surface (high or low weight bearing region) 2. Depth of specimen 3. Orientation of specimen relative to the joint surface
31
Articular cartilage shows what kind of dependence
nonlinear strain and pressure dependence The dec of permeability with compression acts to retard rapid loss of tissue fluid during high joint loadings (the less will be leaking out - less permeable)
32
The more the tissue is squeezed (compressive strain)...
the less ability for water to move in and out - less permeability
33
Cartilage under compression - load distribution, recovery due to unloading, and transport of large solutes depends on
Exudation (water out) Inbibition (charges, bring in) Flow of interstitial fluid (within the tissue)
34
Cartilage under compression - The low permeability creates
energy dissipation through High fluid pressure Very high drag forces btw fluid and solid matrix mechanism of protection of cartilage solid matrix from stresses and strains associated with normal joint load
35
Cartilage under shear | The response to shear force is
``` both stretching and deforamtion of solid matrix Deformation without: Change in volume No pressure gradient No fluid flow through the matrix ```
36
Viscoelastic bx in shear is a result of
frictional interactions btw macromolecules Collagen resists deformations in shear Proteo contribute in generating a swelling pressure and that permits the matrix to more effectively resist shear
37
Swelling pressure
balanced by stresses generated within the collagen ptoeoglycan solid matrix and stresses from joint loading - at equilibrium unloaded cartialge is in state of pre stress
38
Permeability effects are recorded by
means of tissue weight change less than 3% weight change in healthy human cartilage greater than 30% in degenerate cartilage - OA = larger water permeability - not good
39
Viscoeleasticity cartilage
Time dep response of a tissue subjected to a constant load or a constant deformation Creep and stress relaxation
40
The viscoelastic bx of cartialge is caused by
Interstitial flow Macromolecular motion Intrinsic viscoelastic bbehavior of collagen cell
41
creep test
load is maintain constant creep is controlled by exudation of fluid through porous platen movement of fluid controlled by hydraulic permeability equilibrium deformation controlled by intrinsic compressive modulus of specimen
42
Rate of creep is determined y
rate at which fluid may be forced out of the tissue | This is governed by the permeablity and stiffness of porous permeable collagen - proteoglycan matrix
43
For 2-4 mm human or bonvine AC takes ___ to reach creep equilibrium
4 to 16 hours
44
Stress relaxation
squeeze it gradually and then maintain that ] | overtime stress will normalize and be maintained across
45
The rate of loading is high...
the stiffer the tissue, the more stress it can take
46
The lower the loading rate
the less stiff and the less stress it can take before getting damaged
47
the lower the coefficient of friction...
the lower the friction | synovial fluid - allows for lower coefficient
48
Meniscus
Semi lunare shaped fibrocartilaginous tissue maintain the joint in approp position Reduces stress concentration by extending contact area
49
Surface layer of meniscus
fibers randomly distributed
50
Deep layer of meniscus
most fibers circumferential
51
Directional variation - split line pattern
indicates line of tension
52
Directional variation - topographic variation
knee = 1-6mm thick
53
Directional variation
Directional variation of the split line pattern is related to the tensile stiffness and strength characteristics of the tissue
54
Intervertebral disk
can handle tension and compression and torsion and bending all at the same time
55
Components of intervertebral disk
Outer annulus fibrosus Inner nucleus pulposus Cartilaginous end plates
56
AF consists of
outer rim mainly type 1 collagen fibrocartilage transitional zone Collagen fibers of AF are arranged in concentric cylindrical lamellae - collagen orientaion alternates btw adjacent lamellae
57
Towards the center of ID
gradual reductin in collagen concentration Collagen orientation becomes more random Inc in proteoglycan content Inc in water content
58
NP consists of
randomly oriented colalgen | proteoglycans
59
OA
imbalance of cartilage metabolism with OA - normal balance is disrupted
60
Tensile and compressive moduli of cartilage ___ with OA severity
descreases Tensile and compressive stiffness decreases Fracture stress is also decreased

Semester 2 FS Exam 2 (6 decks)

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