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Semester 2 FS Exam 2 > Tendon/Ligament > Flashcards

Tendon/Ligament Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Structure of a tendon

A

Transmits tensile force created in the muscle to the bone
Composed of collagen and elastin embedded in a matrix of proteo and water
Synthesized by tenocytes and tenoblasts
Each muscle has proximal and distal tendon

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2
Q

Tendon

A

muscle to bone

Transmit tensile forces

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3
Q

Ligament

A

bone to bone

Limits bone motion

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4
Q

Micro-architecture of tendon

A

microfibril - subfibril - fibril - fascicle - tendon

Bundled structure is good because harder to damage

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5
Q

Tendons withstand

A

unidirectional loads

fibers go along the tendon - parallel

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6
Q

Ligaments resist

A

tensile stress in one direction and smaller stresses in other directions
Fibers are not all parallel - kind of wavy

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7
Q

Tendon synovial sheaths

A

Closed duct around tendons gliding on bone surfaces
Frequently observed in tendons of hand and feet
The sheath is formed of two membranes: inner (visceral) and outer (parietal) sheets

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8
Q

Function of tendon

A

transmit force across a joint without obstructing the ROM that the joint allows

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9
Q

Tendon sheath function

A

parietal sheath has synovial cells
Space btw parietal and visceral membrane is filled with synovial fluid
- facilitates movement and gliding
Pulley - hold tendon close to bone

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10
Q

Paratendon

A

Tendons that dont have a synovial sheath may have paratendon to reduce friction
Composed of loose fibrilar tissue (I and III collagen)
Functions as elastic sleve that permits free movement of tendon against surrounding tissue
Inner surface has synoovial cells
Does not experience much load

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11
Q

Epitendon

A

Located under the paratendon and surroungs the tendon
Fibrilar network of collagen with strands of 10 nm thickness
Strands run oblique, long, or trans to the long axis of the tendon
Will experience tension when tendon is loaded

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12
Q

Endotendon

A

thin network of crisscross fibrils
Envelops the pramary secondary and tertiary fiber bundles together
proteo are present btw endo and tendon fibers - hydration
Allows fiber bundles to glide
Carry BVs, nerves and lymph to tendons
gives you fascicles and smooth for friction? carry load

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13
Q

Crimpng of tendons

A

A wavy formation within fascicles
Varies and irregular along fibers
Believed to result from cross linking of proteo
Disappears when stretched and reappears when unloaded
Removal of crimp dominates low strain range

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14
Q

Biomechanical charactersitics of tendons

A

Tenssile strength: due to molecular organization
Adequate flex: elastin fibers
Inextensibility: efficient transmission of force from muscles to bones
Inderior resistnace against shear and compressive forces

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15
Q

What disadvantages if tendon elasticity increasaes?

A

A muscle will have to exert a greater force to move bone the same distance as more stretch will be induced in the tendon before movement occurs

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16
Q

Effect of inc tissue CSA on stress - strain

A

Greater CSA
the greater the stiffness
The greater the max stress
The more energy it will need before it breaks

17
Q

Effect of inc tissue length on stress - strain

A

The less stiffness
the greater the elongation
If length doubles - stiffness is in half
If longer - more deformation before it ruptures

18
Q

Secondary biomechanical functions of tendons

A

Eliminate unecessary length of muscle: enables muscle belly at a distance from the joint
Absorb shock: limits damage to muscles

19
Q

Toe region

A

Changes are at light microscopic level
Waviness of fiber nundles straightened out
Continued elongation results in increasesd stiffness
End of toe region ranges from 1.5-4%

20
Q

Linear Region

A

Range 2-4%
Tendon will recover to its original length if not srained beyond linear region
Few minor strands regain waviness towards the end indicating early ruptures of a few bundles
Stratching occurs on the fibrilar and molecular heirarcy (smallest to largest)

21
Q

Falure region

A 
Collagen fibers slide past each other
Possibe rupture of cross links
Reduction in stiffness
Waviness reappears at an inc rate indicating gradual rupturing of bundles
Ruptured fibers/bundles recoil
22
Q

In vitro tensile strength

A

50-100

23
Q

A tendon with 1cm area can carry

A

0.5-1 ton 1000kg

24
Q

Tensile strength of a tendon is about ___ the strength of the muscle it is attached to

A

twice

Muscle gets damaged before the tendon

25
Q

Tendon compliance of junctions
Aponeurosis
Bone tendon junction
tendon junction

A

Aponeurosis is most compliant
Bone tendon junction more compliant than tendon
Tendon = stiffest
Takes mores energy for aponeurosis to break than the tendon - aponeurosis has more toughness

26
Q

What is the effect of creep of tendon

A

Effect will creep on tendons - an isotonic tendon will lengthen slightly and more muscle fibers will be recruited in order to maintain postiion of the limb

27
Q

Creep

A

Constant load
isotonic
tendon/ligament will keep elongating (engaging) overtime

28
Q

Stress relaxation

A

Isometric
The length is maintained constant
Load becomes less and less

29
Q

What is effect of and stress relaxation of tendon

A

an isometric contraction, the stress in the tendon will decrease with time

30
Q

Loading and unloading - changes property of material?

A

Yes
Response of tissue becomes more repeatable
Subsequent use of same deformation results in less load
Tissue stabilizaes after a period of time
Chances of tissue getting damaged without warm up is much higher

31
Q

Musculotendinous Unit

A

Tendons func as unit of a muscle-tendon bone system
A healthy tendon is seldom the weakest link of a system
During testing of the unit disruption may occur - even partial transection
- myotendinous junction
- osteo tendinous junction
- muscle belly
- tendon
Usually damage occurs in that order

32
Q

Tendon is under risk when…

A

Tension is applied quickly
Tension is applied obliquely
Tendon is preloaded before injurious load
(expecting the step)

33
Q

Ligament - point of failure with high loading rate vs low loading rate

A 
High = midsubstabce 
Low = bone insertion
34
Q

The physical properties of the tendon and ligament tissues depends on

A

and quality of cross-links within and btw the collagen molecules

35
Q

Aging effects up to 20 years old

A

Inc in cross links
Dec inc rimping
Inc in collagen diameter
Overall increase in tensile strength during maturation

36
Q

Aging effects after 20 years old

A

Dec collagen diameter

Overall dec in stiffness and tensile strength

37
Q

Gender differences in biomechanical prop

A

the tendon stiffness and young’s modulus are sig lower in women than in men

38
Q

Immobilization results in…

A

waker tissue, less stiff that undergoes elongation for the same load
Cant jump back in after being immobilized - need to gradually build up

Semester 2 FS Exam 2 (6 decks)

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