Cartilage and Bone

Question 0

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 0

Elastic, Hyaline, and Fibrocartilage

Question 1

Elastic cartilage is found where?

Answer 1

Pinna of ear, epiglottis, certain laryngeal cartilages, pharyngo-tympanic tubes

Question 2

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Answer 2

Nose, upper respiratory tract, coastal cartilage, and articular cartilages

Question 3

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Answer 3

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis, meniscus of knee, insertion of Achilles tendon

Question 4

What are the three cell types in cartilage?

Answer 4

Chondrogenic cells, chondroblasts, and chondrocytes

Question 5

What is the cartilage ground substance made up of?

Answer 5

GAGs and PGs and fibers (depend on type of cartilage)

Question 6

Hyaline cartilage has what type of ground substance fiber?

Answer 6

Type II collagen

Question 7

Elastic cartilage has what type of fibers in the ground substance?

Answer 7

Type II collagen and elastic fibers

Question 8

Fibrocartilage has what type of fibers in the ground substance?

Answer 8

Type I collagen

Question 9

Describe the organization of cartilage from the top down

Answer 9

Perichondrium to chondrogenic layer (only if perichondrium is present, chondroblasts are here), Intercellular substance with some chondrocytes in lacuna, and cell nest

Question 10

T or F: Cartilage is older the deeper you do

Answer 10

T

Question 11

What is appositonal growth?

Answer 11

Growth to the outer layer

Question 12

What is the mature cell type of cartilage?

Answer 12

Chondrocytes

Question 13

Where are chondroblasts located?

Answer 13

Chondrogenic layer

Question 14

What are cell nests in cartilage?

Answer 14

Oldest cells that are immobile due to territorial membranes being formed due to build up of GAG

Question 15

T or F: Cartilage is avascular

Answer 15

T. Nutrients come from diffusion from capillaries in the CT

Question 16

What is the most common proteoglycan in hyaline cartilage?

Answer 16

Chondroitin sulfate

Question 17

Describe the path of cartilage cell development

Answer 17

Chondrogenic cells to Chondroblasts to Chondrocytes (all while getting deeper in the cartilage)

Question 18

Chondrocytes are located in what are commonly called?

Answer 18

Lacunae

Question 19

What is the difference between chondroblasts and chondrocytes?

Answer 19

Chondrocytes are chondroblasts that have been enveloped in lacunae

Question 20

What is the cause of caulliflower ears?

Answer 20

loss of elastin blood supply in elastic cartilage

Question 21

T or F: Fibrocartilage is tough and thick

Answer 21

T

Question 22

What are isogenous groups in cartilage??

Answer 22

Divided cells that are unable to disassociate due to dense ground substance (older cells)

Question 23

What is the bone matrix composed of?

Answer 23

Osteoid (soft,type I collagen, GAGs and PGs) and hydroxyapatite (mineralization, hard)

Question 24

What cells are located in bone?

Answer 24

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Question 25

What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteocytes?

Answer 25

Osteocytes are older osteoblasts that have become enclosed in osteoid and mineral

Question 26

What is the function of osteoclasts?

Answer 26

Break down bone

Question 27

What are the three types of bone?

Answer 27

Long bone, Short bone, Flat Bone

Question 28

From the center of the bone to the middle of the bone to the end of the bone longitudinally, name the regions?

Answer 28

Diaphysis, Metaphysis, Epiphysis

Question 29

What is the periosteum?

Answer 29

Hard outer layer of bone

Question 30

Articular cartilage usually covers?

Answer 30

The caps of long bone

Question 31

Where is spongy/cancellous bone found?

Answer 31

Typically in the end/heads of long bone or in short bone

Question 32

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 32

The face of the long bone in the epiphysis region

Question 33

Medullary cavity of bone is found where?

Answer 33

The middle of bone

Question 34

What is the diploe?

Answer 34

The core of flat bone

Question 35

What two layers compose flat bone?

Answer 35

Outer table and inner table

Question 36

T or F: Osteoid stains darker than cartilage

Answer 36

T (dark red versus dark pink)

Question 37

T or F: There are Haversian systems in spongy bone

Answer 37

F

Question 38

Describe the organization of compact bone

Answer 38

Osteons (haversian systems) composed of a Haversian canal ringed by osetocytes and canaliculi in concentric lamellae

Question 39

What are the three types of lamellae?

Answer 39

Intersitial lamellae (not part of haversian or circumferential), circumferential (outer and inner), and osteon/concentric

Question 40

What is the function of canaliculi?

Answer 40

Microscopic canals that connect the lacunae of osteocytes (communicate via gap junctions)

Question 41

Haversian canals run?

Answer 41

Longitudinally in compact bone

Question 42

Volkmann's canal run?

Answer 42

Horizontally in compact bone

Question 43

What are Sharpey's fibers?

Answer 43

Connective tissue that connects periosteum to bone

Question 44

What is periosteum?

Answer 44

Dense irregular connective tissue that covers most bone

Question 45

What is the function of osteoblast?

Answer 45

Synthesize osteoid, deposit inorganic component, located at the surface of bone tissue

Question 46

What is the function of osteocyte?

Answer 46

Derived from osteoblasts, sit in lacuna surrounded by bone matrix, connect to other osteocytes via gap junctions between cytoplasmic processes in canliculi. Maintain the bone matrix

Question 47

What is the function of osteoclasts?

Answer 47

Large, motile, multinucleate cells, make contact with the bone via a ruffled border, secrete enzymes that breakdown bone matrix resulting in the Howship's lacuna

Question 48

What is the Howship's lacuna?

Answer 48

The depression in bone made by degradation due to osteoclasts

Question 49

What does lamella mean?

Answer 49

Plate like structure usually very close to one another

Question 50

How do osteoclasts function?

Answer 50

Lots of lysosomes that produce carbonic anhydrase to take CO2 and water to carbonic acid to proton and bicarbonate. Bicarbonate is sent to blood in capillary for buffer and proton is used to create the ruffled border (acidic decay). Microenvironment of low pH and lysosomal enzyme

Question 51

Describe how osteons are made?

Answer 51

Osteoclasts bore holes through bone and osteoblasts make concentric layers down to fill making lamellae

Question 52

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 52

Estrogen dependent decline in osteoblast activity

Question 53

What is osteomalacia (Rickets)?

Answer 53

Disturbance in bone mineralization mostly due to lack of vitamin D and calcium

Question 54

What is osteosarcoma?

Answer 54

Malignant tumor derived from osteoblasts

Question 55

What are the two modes of bone formation?

Answer 55

Intramembranous bone formation and Endochondral bone formation

Question 56

Describe intramembranous bone formation

Answer 56

Lead to flat bone production, appear in mesenchyme via condensation of cells

Question 57

Describe endochondral bone formation

Answer 57

Long and short bones are made this way via the hyaline cartilage model

Question 58

Describe the stages of Endochondral bone formation

Answer 58

Chondroblasts and early perichondrium develop enveloping primative mesenchyme. Cartilage is developed and bone collar forms. Thee primary ossification center forms and blood veseels and trabeculae form. Secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis

Question 59

What are the two modes of bone growth?

Answer 59

Increase in diameter (subperiosteal appositional growth). Increase in length (at the epiphyseal plates)

Question 60

Describe the hierarchy of the epiphyseal plate

Answer 60

Epiphysis down to epiphyseal plate down to diaphysis

Question 61

Describe the top down growth of the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 61

Cartilage divides and enlarges. It is calcified as it moves down. It is eventually eroded and replaced with bone by osteoblasts. Osteoclasts remodel

Question 62

Interstitial growth achieves growth in? Appositional growth achieves growth in?

Answer 62

Length, width