cartilage and bone

Question 1

what is cartilage?

Answer 1

type of connective tissue that has a consistency between tendon and bone

Question 2

since cartilage is avascular, how does it get its nutrition?

Answer 2

diffusion

Question 3

in joints, what does cartilage cover?

Answer 3

articular surfaces to prevent friction

Question 4

what does cartilage serve as a template for?

Answer 4

bone formation

Question 5

where do we find cartilage for the purpose of flexibility?

Answer 5

external ear and the tip of the nose

Question 6

where is cartilage present where structure is required but still needs to be moist, expansible and flexible?

Answer 6

trachea and bronchi

Question 7

where is cartilage present in joints?

Answer 7

menisci and around articular surfaces and where tendons insert on bones

Question 8

what is cartilage composed of?

Answer 8

specialized cells, fibers and ground substance

Question 9

what membrane covers cartilage?

Answer 9

perichondrium

Question 10

where is perichondrium lacking?

Answer 10

around articular surfaces

Question 11

what is perichondrium made of?

Answer 11

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue and carries blood vessels and nerves in it

Question 12

what divides and secretes the matrix that make up the bulk of cartilage?

Answer 12

chondroblasts

Question 13

what is the matrix made of?

Answer 13

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and chondroitin sulfate

Question 14

what do chondroblasts in the matrix mature into?

Answer 14

chondrocytes

Question 15

what are the organized groups of chondrocytes that do not move away from the parent cell called?

Answer 15

cell nests

Question 16

what are multinucleated giant cells in the cartilage called that are sometimes present in cartilage after injury for dissolving cartilage and remodeling?

Answer 16

chondroclasts

Question 17

which type of cartilage does chondrocytes produce?

Answer 17

type II (fine collagen fibers) and sometimes elastic fibers

Question 18

what are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 18

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Question 19

where is hyaline cartilage usually found?

Answer 19

articular surfaces, ends of long bones, trachea and bronchi

Question 20

what are the spaces that cell nests occupy in hyaline cartilage?

Answer 20

lacunae

Question 21

when is hyaline cartilage not surrounded by perichondrium?

Answer 21

articular surfaces

Question 22

where is elastic cartilage found?

Answer 22

external ear and some cartilages of the larynx

Question 23

how does fibrocartilage appear?

Answer 23

like dense collagenous c.t.

Question 24

true or false: Chondrocytes are present in lacunae and cell nests among interweaving bundles of type III collagen

Answer 24

false: type I

Question 25

how are the fibers in fibrocartilage arranged?

Answer 25

herring bone

Question 26

where is fibrocartilage present?

Answer 26

menisci of joints, intervertebral discs and where tendons insert on bones

Question 27

what is bone?

Answer 27

hard tissue but is highly vascular and viable

Question 28

what is the purpose of bone?

Answer 28

provides strength and rigidity to the body, and makes up the skeletal system, provides attachment for tendons and muscles and ligaments

Question 29

true or false: bone forms joints that allow for flexibility of the skeleton

Answer 29

true

Question 30

what does bone store?

Answer 30

calcium and phophorus

Question 31

what are juvenile bone cells called?

Answer 31

osteoblasts

Question 32

what are mature bone cells called?

Answer 32

osteocytes

Question 33

what are bone cells that dissolve bone and remodel it called?

Answer 33

osteoclasts

Question 34

what is the organic substance found in the matrix that makes up the bulk of it?

Answer 34

osteoid

Question 35

what are osteocytes trapped in?

Answer 35

lacunae

Question 36

how do osteocytes communicate through fire canals in the osteoid?

Answer 36

canaliculi

Question 37

what is the process of bone formed from cartilage?

Answer 37

endochondral ossification

Question 38

what process is flat bone formed from?

Answer 38

intramembranous ossification

Question 39

what is another name for immature bone?

Answer 39

woven bone

Question 40

why is woven bone weaker?

Answer 40

irregular organization

Question 41

what is the main difference of how mature and immature bone?

Answer 41

how the osteocytes are organized

Question 42

how are osteocytes distributed in mature bone?

Answer 42

evenly distributed in circular lamellae around a central blood vessel and are organized as "osteons"

Question 43

what is the central vascular canal of an osteon?

Answer 43

haversian canal

Question 44

what is the lamellae that go around the periphery of the bone called?

Answer 44

outer circumferential lamellae

Question 45

what is the laminae that go around the marrow cavity that is located in the center of the long bone

Answer 45

inner circumferential lamellae

Question 46

what are the horizontal vascular channels that connect several haversian channels to make sure the bone is well supplied with blood?

Answer 46

Volkman’s canals

Question 47

what is the tough membrane that covers the outside of the bone?

Answer 47

periosteum

Question 48

what is the marrow cavity lined by?

Answer 48

endosteum

Question 49

list examples of long bone?

Answer 49

Humerus, femur, radius, tibia

Question 50

example of short bone

Answer 50

digits

Question 51

examples of flat bone

Answer 51

skull, scapula, pelvis, ribs, sternum

Question 52

examples of irregular bone

Answer 52

vertebrae, sesamoids.

Question 53

examples of special bone

Answer 53

turbinates, bones of the middle ear.

Question 54

all bones when immature, are made of ___________________

Answer 54

woven bone

Question 55

When bone is mature, they are made up of _______ and _________

Answer 55

osteons and lamellae

Question 56

what is the site of blood cell formation?

Answer 56

bone marrow

Question 57

what are the multinucleated cells found in bone marrow?

Answer 57

megakaryocytes

Question 58

what do megakaryocytes break up to become?

Answer 58

platelets