Cartilage and Bone

Question 1

Cartilage is _____. Nutrients and waste materials pass to and from cells through matrix via diffusion. cartilage contains _____ embedded in extracelullar matrix

Answer 1

avascular

chondrocytes

Question 2

Cartilage functions (2)

Answer 2

support soft tissues

guide development and growth of long bones

Question 3

The three types of cartilage are:

Answer 3

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

Question 4

hyaline cartilage is located at three main areas:

It is also the temporary _____ for the fetus until replaed with bone

Answer 4

1. articular ends of long bones in adults
2. walls of respiratory system (nose, larynx, trachea, bronnchi)
3. Ventral ends of ribs.

skeleton

Question 5

Hyaline cartilage matrix consists of an homogenous amorphorus ground substance with ______ aggregates (containing chronditin and ____ sulfate and hyaluronic acid).

Answer 5

proteoglyan

keratin

Question 6

Hyaline cartilage matrix contains proteoglycan aggregates and ______ (a glycoprotein) embedded in type __ collagen

Answer 6

chondronectin

2

Question 7

The area adjacent to chondrocytes is called the _____ matrix. It is poor in collagen but rich in _____

Answer 7

territorial (caspular)

glycosaminoglycans

Question 8

The territorial matrix is very ____ and stains more intensely with PAS stain compared to the _____ matrix.

Answer 8

basophilic – due to sulfate groups

interterritorial (intercapsular) matrix

Question 9

_____ is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds hyaline cartilage (Except at articular surfaces)

Answer 9

perichondrium

Question 10

perichondrium consists of an outer fibrous layer that contains type _ collagen, fibroblasts and blood vessels. The inner cellular layer contains ______ cells and is the source of new cartilage cells.

Answer 10

1

chondrogenic

Question 11

The _____ provides blood supply for the avascular cartilage

Answer 11

perichondrium

Question 12

_____ are mature cartilage cells embedded in lacunae in the matrix

Answer 12

chondrocytes

Question 13

chrondogenic cells form _____ that produce cartilage matrix. When surrounded in matrix, they are now called _____

Answer 13

chondroblasts

chondrocytes

Question 14

Chondrocytes may occur in groups of 2-8 cells, called _____ groups. When the cells divide, they stay in the same lacunae

Answer 14

isogenous

Question 15

Elastic cartilage has a ____ similar to hyaline cartilage. The distinction is that elastic cartilage matrix contains a network of ____ _____ that give a yellowish color to the cartilage.

Answer 15

perichondrium

elastic fibers

Question 16

Elastic cartilage is located where flexible support is required, such as: 3 examples. Elastic cartilage is ____ prone to degeneration than hyaline

Answer 16

external ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis of larynx

less

Question 17

fibrocartilage has no _____. It has alternating rows of fibroblast derived chondrocytes and thick bundles of type _ collagen. Chrondrocytes align along lines of ____

Answer 17

perichondrium
1
stress

Question 18

Fibrocartilage is found where support and tensile strength is needed, such as: 5 examples

Answer 18

IV disks, articular disks, pubic symphisis, tendon/ligament insertions, knee joint menisci

Question 19

bone is a specialized connective tissue consisting of ____ extracellular matrix with _____ embedded in the matrix

Answer 19

calcified

osteocytes

Question 20

bone is a ____ tissue.

Answer 20

dynamic

ie, undergoes shape changes, absorption, etc in response to biomechanical forces

Question 21

Bone matrix consists of a inorganic (calcified) portion made of:
It consists primarily of _____ crystals

Answer 21

Ca, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, Mg, K, Na

hydroxyapatite

Question 22

Bone matrix consists of an inorganic portion and an organic portion. The organic portion is made primarily of type _ collagen. The ground substance contains _____ sulfate and _____ sulfate

Answer 22

1
chondroitin
keratin

Question 23

Primary bone is also known as ____ or ___ bone. It is the first bone formed in fetal development and ____ ____. It has a ____ mineral content than secondary bone

Answer 23

immature or woven
bone repair
lower

Question 24

Secondary bone is also known as ___ or ____ bone. There are 2 types: 1. ____, which is the dense outer portion of the bone and 2. _____ which is the meshwork of trabeculae on the inside of the bone

Answer 24

mature or lamellar
compact bone
spongy bone

Question 25

Compact bone is organized with _____ circumferential lamellae below the perisoteum and _____ circumferential lamellae adjacent to the ___ ______

Answer 25

outer inner marrow cavity

Question 26

Between outer and inner circumferential lamelle, the bone is organized around ____ _____ systems and is called osteons. Osteons are connected to each other by _____ _____

Answer 26

haversian canal | volkmann's canals

Question 27

bone _____ is a layer of non-calcified CT that covers bone on external surfaces, except at synovial articulations

Answer 27

periosteum

Question 28

The outer layer of periosteum is a _____, _____ collagenous layer. The inner layer is ____ and _____

Answer 28

fibrous, dense | cellular, osteogenic

Question 29

____ fibers are type 1 collagen that attaches the periosteum to the bone. These distribute _____ ___ to bone

Answer 29

sharpey's | blood vessels

Question 30

Endosteum is a thin specialized CT that lines ____ _____. It acts a source of ______ cells and _____ for bone growth and repair

Answer 30

marrow cavities | osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts

Question 31

Fine fibers between osteocytes are called ____

Answer 31

canaliculi

Question 32

A ____ is the organization of osteocytes around a haversian canal

Answer 32

osteon

Question 33

The ___ ____ is where bone remodeling is taking place

Answer 33

cement line

Question 34

____ ____ are on the inner layer of periosteum and endosteal cells that line the marrow cavity. They can differentiate into _____

Answer 34

osteoprogenitor cells | osteoblasts

Question 35

Osteoblasts secrete collagen, ground substance, and ____ (aka unmineralized bone). Osteoblasts are ____ in shape and are found as a single layer in regions where ____ is being formed

Answer 35

osteoid polygonal/cuboidal bone

Question 36

Osteocytes can both ____ and _____ matrix. They reside in ____. They communicate with other osteocytes and osteoblasts via processes that extend through ____ and gap junctions with other cells.

Answer 36

synthesize, absorb lacunae canaliculi

Question 37

_____ are multinucleated cells that are _____ and actively resorb bone

Answer 37

osteoclasts | phagocytic

Question 38

Osteoclasts release ____ into extracellualar space. A ______ ______ is a depression in bone created by the osteoclast. Osteoclasts seals of an area, acidifies, and secretes ___ ____ to resorb bone

Answer 38

lysosomes howships lacuna acid hydrolase

Question 39

a hallmark of osteoclasts is howships lacuna and a _____ border

Answer 39

ruffled

Question 40

_____ is a decrease in bone mass associated with a normal ratio of mineral to matrix. It is due to decreased _____ _____, increased _____ _____, or both

Answer 40

osteoporosis bone formation bone absorption

Question 41

Osteoporosis occurs primarily in old age because of diminished secretion of ___ ____. It can occur in immobile patients because of lack of ____ ____. It occurs in _______ women because of diminished estrogen secretion

Answer 41

growth hormone physical stress postemenopausal

Question 42

_____ is due to calcium defeciency in adults. It is characterized by deficient _____ of newly formed bone and _____ of calcified bone.

Answer 42

osteomalacia calcification decalcification

Question 43

osteomalacia may be severe during ____

Answer 43

pregnancy. Ca requires for fetus may cause calcium loss from mother

Question 44

____ is osteomalacia in children. It is primarily due to lack of ______ _. It is usually accompanied by deformation of bone ____ in epiphyseal growth plates, causing the bone to grow more slowly and become deformed.

Answer 44

rickets vitamin D Spicules

Question 45

____ disease is a bone remodeling disease that causes abnormally large but brittle bones.

Answer 45

Pagets