Osteochrondrogensis/Joint components

Question 1

Bone histogenesis occurs by _____ and ______ bone formation. Both processes produce bone that appears histologically identical

Answer 1

intramembranous

endochondral

Question 2

Bone remodeling is a slower process in _____ bone when compared to _____ bone

Answer 2

secondary

primary

Question 3

___ is a buffer for calcium. Calcium concentration is determined by the rate at which Ca ___ and ____ this structure

Answer 3

bone

enters, leaves

Question 4

Older osteons have a _____ mineral concentration and _____ water concentration and are constantly being replaced

Answer 4

high

low

Question 5

_____ form an erosion tunnel, and after about 2 weeks they undergo ____. Osteoblasts then start formation of new ____

Answer 5

osteoclasts
apoptosis
osteon

Question 6

Remodeling occurs inside _____ ____ and at ___ _____

Answer 6

compact bone

bone surfaces

Question 7

When new bone is laid down on an eroded surface, a thin layer of ____ _____ is first produced. This layer is highly _____ and contains little collagen

Answer 7

cementing subtance

mineralized

Question 8

about ____ percent of bone turns over each year in adults

Answer 8

10

Question 9

____ bone formation is the process for flat bone formation (skull, mandible, clavicle, pelvis). This kind of formation occurs mainly before birth, and only in certain fractures after birth

Answer 9

intramembranous

Question 10

Intramembranous bone formation is controlled by patterning signalling from polypeptides of ___, ____, and ____

Answer 10

Wnt, hedgehog, FGF

Question 11

intramembranous bone formation:
____ cells condense into primary ossification centers and begin secreting _____ collagen. This collagen has randomly oriented fibrils and the first bone formed from this is called ____ bone

Answer 11

mesenchymal
osteoid
woven

Question 12

Intramembranous bone formation:
With ____, osteoblasts become trapped in matrix and become osteocytes. Small spicules of developing bone unite to form ____

Answer 12

calcification

trabeculae

Question 13

Intramembranous bone formation:
Fusion of bony trabeculae produces a ____ bone. Blood vessels invade and other undifferentiated mesenchymal cells give rise to the ____ _____

Answer 13

spongy

bone marrow

Question 14

Intramembranous bone formation:

Areas of mesenchymal cells that do not undergo ossification differentiate into ____ and _____

Answer 14

periosteum and endosteum

Question 15

Intramembranous bone formation:
the woven bone initially formed from an irregular osteoid collagen matrix will convert to _____ bone in the outer layers. The inner layer remains as ____ bone

Answer 15

lamellar

spongy

Question 16

____ bone formation is the process of long bone formation. ____ cartilage serves as a small model for the bone and bone development

Answer 16

endochondral

hyaline

Question 17

The primary ossification center (PCO) develops at the midriff of the ____ of the cartilagenous model

Answer 17

diaphysis

Question 18

PCO2:vascularization of perichondrium at the diaphysis transforms chondrogenic cells to ______ cells. These differentiate into ____. Perichondrium is now called the _____

Answer 18

osteoprogenitor
osteoblasts
periosteum

Question 19

PCO3: osteoblasts produce the ______ bone collar on the surface of the C-model by _____ bone formation

Answer 19

subperiosteal

intramembranous

Question 20

PCO4: Chondrocytes in the subperiosteal bone collar become ____ and secrete collagen _ and vascular endothelial growth factor

Answer 20

hypertrophic

10

Question 21

PCO5: The cartilage matrix in the diaphysis begins to calcify after collagen x is secreted. This inhibits ____ diffusion and hypertorphied _____ die. The lacunae become confluent and form the primitive ____ ____ ____

Answer 21

nutrient
chondrocytes
bone marrow cavity

Question 22

PCO6: Osteoclasts create perforations in the bone collar, permitting ____ ____ (blood vessels, osteoprogenitor cells, and mesenchymal cells) to enter the primitive marrow cavity. The cartilage in the walls of these spaces then becomes _____

Answer 22

periosteal buds

calcified

Question 23

PCO7: _____ made and calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage forms a calcified cartilage-calcified bone complex. The calcified cartilage stains ____ while calcified bone stains ______

Answer 23

osteoid (bone matrix)
basophilic
acidophilic

Question 24

PCO8: Subperiosteal bone collar ___ and ____ toward the epiphyses. Osteoclasts begin to resorb the calcified cartilage-calcifed bone complex, enlarging the ____ ____ ____

Answer 24

thickens, elongates

primitive marrow cavity

Question 25

Secondary centers of ossification (SCO) develop at ____ after the _____ ossification center is well established

Answer 25

epiphyses, | diaphyseal

Question 26

SCO begins when ______ cells invade the epiphyses and differentiate into _____.

Answer 26

osteoprogenitor | osteoblasts

Question 27

SCO2: ______ make bone matrix and replace disintegrating cartilage. When the epiphyses are filled with bone tissue, cartilage is found in 2 areas: ____ and ____

Answer 27

osteoblasts | articular surfaces, epiphyseal growth plates

Question 28

SCO3. ____ cartilage does not contribute to bone formation.

Answer 28

articular

Question 29

SCO4: Epiphyseal plates continue to grow. They add new cartilage to the _____ end while being replaced at the _____ end

Answer 29

epiphyseal | diaphyseal

Question 30

SCO5: Growth plate fusion occurs when diaphyseal and epiphyseal bone become ____. This occurs around ____ years of age

Answer 30

continous | 20

Question 31

What are the 5 epiphyseal plate zones?

Answer 31

``` Zone of reserve Zone of proliferation Zone of cell hypertrophy and maturation Zone of calcification Zone of ossification ```

Question 32

In the zone of _____, there are small randomly arranged inactive chondrocytes

Answer 32

reserve

Question 33

In the zone of _____, there is a region of rapid mitotic division which gives rise to rows of isogenous cell groups.

Answer 33

proliferation (interstitial growth)

Question 34

In the zone of _____, the chondrocytes become enlarged

Answer 34

hypertrophy and maturation

Question 35

In the zone of ____, remnants of cartilage matrices become calcified and chondrocytes ____

Answer 35

calcification | die

Question 36

In the zone of _____, bone is made upon the calcified cartilage, followed by the resorbtion of calcified bone-calcified cartilage complex

Answer 36

ossification (resorbtion)

Question 37

In the calcified cartilage zone, ____ ____ penetrate epiphyseal cartilage and erode away the calcified cartilage

Answer 37

periosteal buds

Question 38

The epiphysis enlarges by ____ growth and ____ replacement

Answer 38

cartilage | bone

Question 39

Hypertophic zone chondrocytes secrete type _ collagen

Answer 39

10

Question 40

The first step of bone repair of a fracture (BROF) is proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells from the ____ and _____ surrounding the fracture

Answer 40

periosteum | endosteum

Question 41

BROF2: ____ tissue surrounds the fracture and penetrates between the ends of damaged bone

Answer 41

a cellular

Question 42

BROF3: A ____ forms both internally and externally at the fracture site.

Answer 42

callus

Question 43

BROF4: ____ connective tissue and ____ cartilage are formed in the fracture zone

Answer 43

fibrous | hyaline

Question 44

BROF5: _____ bone formation replaces the cartilage with primary bone. The irregullarly arranged trabecuale of primary bone joins the ends of the fractured bone, forming a ____ ____

Answer 44

endochondral | bony callus

Question 45

BROF6: The ____ bone is resorped and replaced with _____ bone as the fracture heals

Answer 45

primary (woven) | secondary (lamellar)

Question 46

Hairline fractures heal via _____ bone formation that occurs at the _____ surface and thus heal _____

Answer 46

intramembranous periosteal slowly

Question 47

What are the three types of joints?

Answer 47

diarthroses amphiarthroses synarthroses

Question 48

____ are also called synovial joints. These permit _____ movement and unite ____ bones. They are surrounded by a _-layer capsule which encloses and seals the articular cavity, containing synovial fluid.

Answer 48

diarthroses maximum long 2

Question 49

____ are immovable joints composed of connective tissue, cartilage, or bone. These are located at the ____ and _____

Answer 49

synarthroses junction between first rib and sternum sutures in skull bone

Question 50

_____ allow slight movement and are located at _____ _____

Answer 50

amphiarthroses | IV disks

Question 51

The external capsular layer of a diarthroses consists of a _____ layer of ____ connective tissue

Answer 51

fibrous | dense

Question 52

The internal (synovial) capsular layer of a diarthroses is also called the _____ membrane. It is lined by squamous to cuboidal cells on the internal surface but contains no ____ _____

Answer 52

synovial | basal lamina

Question 53

2 cell types are found in synovial membranes. Type ___ cells resemble fibroblasts and have a well developed rER. These secrete ____ fluid. Type _ cells are phagoytic and have a well developed golgi along with many ____

Answer 53

B synovial A lysosomes.

Question 54

_____ is a hereditary disease characterized by abnormal osteoclast formation. Bones are brittle and easily break. Most bone is _____ and not ____ due to lack of remodeling. ____ ____ is not developed

Answer 54

osteopetrosis woven, lamellar marrow cavity

Question 55

____ _____ disease is also known as marble bone disease. It is a type of ______. It is due to a deficiency in ____ ______ 2, so osteoclasts can't accumulate H+ in howships lacuna to activate lysosomes.

Answer 55

Albers-schonberg osteopetrosis carbonic anhydrase

Question 56

_____ _____ starts as an inflammatory reaction in synovial tissue. Pathogenesis involves activation of _____ ___ cells, which produce Interleukin 5 which stimulates synovial _____ to produce proinflammatory ____ and malloproteases

Answer 56

rheumatoid arthritis CD4 T macrophages cytokines