Circulatory System

Question 1

The three layers or tunics of blood vessels are called: (from lumen side to periphery)

Answer 1

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

Question 2

Large vessels have other smaller vessels called ___ ___ branching through adventitia. Veins have ____ of these vessels than arteries

Answer 2

vasa vasorum

more

Question 3

larger vessels may have lymphatic vessels and nerves in the adventitia as well. Nerves running through the adventitia are called

Answer 3

nervi vascularis .

Question 4

tunica ____ =fibroelastic connective tissue (dense irregular CT plus small amounts of elastic fiber)

Answer 4

adventitia

Question 5

Tunica ____ = endothelium + underlying subdendothelial connective tissue. It includes ____ elastic lamina in larger vessels

Answer 5

intima

internal

Question 6

tunica ____ = primarily smooth muscle cells and also ____ elastic lamina

Answer 6

media

external

Question 7

Large arteries are classified as _____, medium size are ____, and small are _____

Answer 7

elastic
muscular
arterioles

Question 8

____ (conducting) arteries conduct blood to muscular arteries. Examples include aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic

Answer 8

Elastic

Question 9

Arteries: Elastic fibers of intima form an incomplete ____ elastic lamina. _____ layer of loose CT contains collagen, elastic fibers, and fibroblasts

Answer 9

internal

subendothelial

Question 10

Arteries: Thick media is made of 40-70 concentric ____ sheets. Thin adventitia is made of ____ and ____ fibers.

Answer 10

elastic

collagen elastic

Question 11

____ arteries distribute blood to organs. These have an intima that is _____ than that of elastic arteries and a well developed ____ elastic lamina

Answer 11

muscular
thinner
internal

Question 12

in the intima, subendothelial connective tissue of muscular arteries lack ____ ____ cells. The tunica media is up to 40 circular layers of ____ _____ cells

Answer 12

smooth muscle

smooth muscle

Question 13

A thick ____ elastic lamina lies at the edge of the tunica media in muscular arteries.

Answer 13

external

Question 14

___ have very sparse subendothelial connective tissue

Answer 14

arterioles

Question 15

the tunic media of arterioles has 1-3 layers of ___ ___ cells with occasional ____ fibers

Answer 15

smooth muscle

elastic

Question 16

The adventitia of arterioles consists of a layer of ____ _____ tissue with longitudinally arranged ____ and elastic fibers

Answer 16

loose connective

collagenous

Question 17

___ are more rounded and contain more smooth muscle while ____ have an irregularly shaped lumen and less smooth muscle

Answer 17

arterioles

venules

Question 18

____ have a single layer of endothelial cells. They are surrounded by a thin sheath of ____ and collagenous fibers and some ____ (mesenchymal like stem cells)

Answer 18

capillaries
reticular
pericytes

Question 19

In wound healing, _____ from capillaries may differentiate into fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells

Answer 19

pericytes

Question 20

____ capillaries have a continous endothelium and basal lamina and no _____. They contain numerous ______ vesicles for transcytosis

Answer 20

continous
fenestrations
pincytotic

Question 21

continuous capillaries are located in ____, ____, ____, _____, and _____

Answer 21

muscle, connective tissue, CNS, exocrine pancreas, gonads

Question 22

In the CNS, ____ capillaries have a type of tight junction that contributes to the blood brain barrier

Answer 22

continuous

Question 23

Fenestrated capillaries have an ____ epithelium with large fenestrae closed by thin _____

Answer 23

attenuated

diaphragms

Question 24

Location of fenestrated capillaries: (5)

Answer 24

mucosa of GI tract, endocrine glands, renal glomerular/peritubular capillaries, choroid plexus, ciliary bodies

Question 25

Fenestrated endothelium in the ____ capillaries have no diaphragms

Answer 25

glomerular

Question 26

_____ (_____) capillaries have wide gaps between cells, irregular tortuous walls, and an incomplete basal lamina.

Answer 26

Discontinous (sinusoidal)

Question 27

Sinusoidal capillaries are found in ____, ____, and _____

Answer 27

liver | bone marrow and spleen (homopoietic organs)

Question 28

The three types of capillaries are ____ ____ and ____

Answer 28

continuous fenestrated discontinuous

Question 29

_____ venules receive blood from capillaries and have an incomplete layer of ____

Answer 29

postcapillary | pericytes

Question 30

post capillary venules are an important site of activity in _____. Vasoactive compounds such as ____ and ____ affect fluid extravasation and migration of WBC

Answer 30

inflammation | serotonin, histamine

Question 31

The intima of a venule consists of ____ cells. The media has ___ layers of smooth muscle cells and the adventiita has several layers of ____ fibers

Answer 31

endothelial 1-2 collagen

Question 32

____ venules have NO pericytes and 1-2 layers of smooth muscle with a thin tunica adventitia

Answer 32

muscular

Question 33

____ of small to medium size veins may have a thin subendothelial connective tissue layer

Answer 33

intima

Question 34

small/medium sized Veins have a thin media with some ___ and ___ fibers interspersed with ____ ____ cells

Answer 34

reticular, elastic | smooth muscle

Question 35

small to medium sized Veins have a well developed ____ with multiple layers of collagenous fibers with a few smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

Answer 35

adventitia

Question 36

Large veins include the ____, ____, and ____. They have a ____ adventitia with collagenous fibers and longitudinal arranged smooth muscle cells

Answer 36

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, portal trunk | thick

Question 37

Small to medium sized veins may have valves to prevent ____ blood flow (primarily in lower limbs). Valves are paired, semilunar folds of _____ covered with endothelium

Answer 37

retrograde | intima

Question 38

____ ____ are connections primarily between arterioles and venules.

Answer 38

Arteriovenous anastamoses

Question 39

at the anastamoses of arteioles and venules, there is a specialized tunic ____ with a _____

Answer 39

media | sphincter

Question 40

When the arterivenous anastomoses sphincter is closed, arterial blood flows into the ____. When the shunt is open, blood flows into the ____

Answer 40

capillary bed | vein

Question 41

Some microvascular beds have a _____ _____ which controls the amount of blood flowing into the capillary

Answer 41

precapillary sphincter

Question 42

Fluid scavenged by the lymphatic system is filtered by lymph ____ and recycled back into the venous circulation at the base of the ____

Answer 42

nodes | neck

Question 43

____ in the intestine are an important route of fat absorption

Answer 43

lacteals

Question 44

Lymphatic vessels are an ______ lined vessel. Lymph flows in __ direction.

Answer 44

``` endothelial 1 (toward the base of the neck) ```

Question 45

Lymphatic vessels originate in ____ _____ as anastomosing capillaries. Lymphatic capillaries have no ___ _____

Answer 45

connective tissue | basal lamina

Question 46

____ and ____ ____ have no lymphatic system.

Answer 46

CNS, bone marrow

Question 47

In smaller lymph vessels, fine anchoring filaments attached to _____ collagen hold the vessel open. Large vessels have a ____, ____, and ____ like blood vessels

Answer 47

perivascular | intima, media, adventitia

Question 48

The two main lymphatic vessels are the ____ ____ duct and ____ _____ duct and are structurally similar to veins, with smooth muscle present

Answer 48

main thoracic | right lymphatic

Question 49

Lymphatic vessels have paired ____ ____ to prevent back flow of lymph

Answer 49

cusp valves

Question 50

____ _____ has lymphatics only in perimysium

Answer 50

skeletal muscle

Question 51

_____ is foam cell formation and fatty deposits in the intima which may block the vessel

Answer 51

athersclerosis

Question 52

____ is due to smooth muscle cell proliferation that follows an angioplasty procedure. It may occlude the vessel

Answer 52

restenosis

Question 53

an _____ is a ballooning out of an artery. It is due to ___ in the arterial wall. It can be due to atherosclerosis, syphillis, CT disorders

Answer 53

aneurysm | weakness

Question 54

____ veins are tortuous, dilated veins that are primarily in the ____ of older persons. They are caused by a decrease in muscle tone and failure of venous valves

Answer 54

varicose | legs

Question 55

LDL acts a _____ molecuoule in atheroma formation. ____ of a blood vessel is correlated with blockage

Answer 55

proinflammatory | calcification

Question 56

Endothelial cells produce ____ from arachidonic acid. It inhibits platelet adhesion and clot formation

Answer 56

prostacyclin

Question 57

Endothelial cells secrete ____ ____ which causes smooth muscle in the tunica media to relax and produce _____. _____ is produced by endothelial cells and acts as a vasoconstrictor.

Answer 57

nitric oxide vasodilation endothelin 1

Question 58

Endothelial cells regulate the traffic of inflammatory cells. Early in inflammation, macrophages in surrounding CT secrete ____ which induce expression of _-______ by endothelial cells

Answer 58

cytokines | E-selectin

Question 59

____ bind to selectins and then extravasate then by migration through the endothelium

Answer 59

neutrophils

Question 60

____ blood is exchanged between the mother and fetus.

Answer 60

no

Question 61

Exchange between mother and fetus occurs at the interface where the _____ ____ fuses with the _____

Answer 61

``` umbillical cord uterine walls (placenta) ```

Question 62

the fetal side of blood circulation consists of ______ _______

Answer 62

multinucelated synctiotrophoblasts

Question 63

What are the three layers of heart? (from interior to exterior)

Answer 63

endocardium myocardium epicardium

Question 64

The endocardium is lined by ____ and is continuous with ___ _____ that enter and leave the heart

Answer 64

endothelium | blood vessels

Question 65

Endocardium has a subendothelial layer of ____ ____ fibers, a thin layer of dense ____ connective tissue, and a subendocardial layer of ____ connective tissue connected to the myocardium

Answer 65

fine collagenous fibroelastic loose

Question 66

The subendocardial CT contains blood vessels, nerves, and portions of the impulse-conducting system called _____. Endocardium does not contain _____

Answer 66

purkinje fibers | lipid

Question 67

Cardiac muscle tissue is called _____. In ventricles, it is arranged into ___ and ____ layers

Answer 67

myocardium | superficial, deep

Question 68

the superficial layer of myocardium has a ____ ____ around the ventricle. The deep fibers have a ____ _____

Answer 68

spiral course | circular course

Question 69

The outermost coat of epicardium is formed by _____ cells. This is equivalent to the ___ layer of serous pericardium

Answer 69

mesothelial | visceral

Question 70

The fibrous skeleton of the heart is composed of ____ _____ CT.

Answer 70

dense irregular

Question 71

the _____ _____ is the fibrous portion of the interventricular septum

Answer 71

septum membranaceum

Question 72

____ _____ are fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and AV canals

Answer 72

annuli fibrosi

Question 73

____ ____ = fibrous tissue between the atrial foramin and AV canals

Answer 73

trigona fibrosa

Question 74

____ around AV orficies results in electrical discontinuity between myocardial cells of ___ and ____.

Answer 74

annuli | atria, ventricles

Question 75

Anulli around AV orfices controls communication between the atria and ventricles via specialized conduction tissue called the _____ ____

Answer 75

AV bundle

Question 76

When the ____ node fires, action potentials spread through the atria. When the ____ node fires, impulses go along conducting fibers

Answer 76

SA | AV

Question 77

heart valves have both ____ and _____ __ layers surrounded by endothelium

Answer 77

loose, dense CT

Question 78

The ___ ____ of valves is continuous with the cardiac skeleton

Answer 78

dense CT

Question 79

The ____ node is the pacemaker of the heart. It contains ____ cardiac muscle cells concentrically arranged around a ____ artery. Impulse spreads from this node via specialized conduction fibers to the ___ node

Answer 79

SA modified nodal AV

Question 80

the ___ node lies beneath the endocardium of the septal wall of the right _____. This node continues to form a common stem, called the bundle of ____

Answer 80

AV atrium His

Question 81

The AV bundle of His is formed by _____ fibers (cardiac conduction fibers). These penetrate the skeleton and then branch to form right and left ____ branches

Answer 81

purkinje | bundle

Question 82

Purkinje fibers are made of modified ___ cells filled with ____

Answer 82

muscle | glycogen

Question 83

Purkinje fibers travel in the subendocardial layer to the heart ____, then reverse direction and branch to make contact and form ___ junctions with cardiac muscle cells.

Answer 83

apex | gap

Question 84

Atrial cardiac muscle cells are the source of _____ _____

Answer 84

polypeptide hormones

Question 85

_____ ____ _____ (___) is released from modified atrial muscle cells in response to high blood pressure. The primary effect is to ____ sodium and ____ secretion from the kidney

Answer 85

Atrial natriurietic polypeptide (ANP) | increase, water