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AGRC1041 > Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

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1
Q

Cartilage and bone are types of

A

Connective tissue —> they consist of cells within a matrix

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2
Q

Cartilage Matrix (4)

A

-firm gel
-composed of proteoglycans (thick viscous protein) and collagen
-solid, yet flexible
-lacks nerves/blood supply —> poor healing properties

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3
Q

Chondroblasts are

A

Immature cartilage cells that lay down matrix

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4
Q

Chondrocytes are

A

Mature cartilage cells

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5
Q

Lacunae are

A

Spaces within the cartilage matrix that house Chondrocytes

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6
Q

Chondrocytes are isolated in small chambers called

A

Lacunae

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7
Q

The Cartilage matrix is also called

A

Ground substance

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8
Q

Perichondrium is (3)

A

-fibrous connective tissue
-Outer Layer = irregular, dense connective tissue
-Inner Cellular Layer

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9
Q

Cartilage forms the ___ which is then replaced by ___, with the exception of ___

A

Fetal skeleton; bone; joints

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10
Q

Cartilage is found at

A

Articular surfaces

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11
Q

Cartilage is surrounded by a tough, dense fibrous capsule called the

A

Perichondrium

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12
Q

Two layers of the Perichondrium are

A

-outer layer of irregular dense connective tissue
-inner cellular layer of chondroblasts involved in growth

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13
Q

Cartilage grows by two mechanisms

A

-interstitial growth (growth from within)
-appositional growth (growth from outside)

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14
Q

Interstitial Growth (3)

A

-Chondrocytes (immature cartilage cells) divide creating isogenous groups of daughter cells
-daughter cells produce matrix and push cells apart (ie. cartilage gets bigger and longer)
-growth from within

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15
Q

Appositional Growth (3)

A

-growth by adding to the outer surface of existing cartilage
-chondroblasts divide in the inner layer of the Perichondrium, producing a matrix
-cells then differentiate into Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells)

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16
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

-Hyaline
-Fibrocartilage
-Elastic Cartilage

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17
Q

Most common type of cartilage is

A

Hyaline

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18
Q

Hyaline Cartilage (6)

A

-most common type of cartilage
-smooth, glassy, and shiny looking
-dense Perichondrium (except at joints)
-matrix contains closely packaged collagen fibres
-in the fetus, forms the skeletal template
-in adults, is the sternal end of ribs, articular surfaces of joints, nasal septum, larynx, and tracheal rings

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19
Q

Fibrocartilage (5)

A

-intermediate between dense connective tissue and cartilage
-Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) are aligned in rows, between layers of interwoven collagen fibres
-resists compression
-absorbs shock
-found in intervertebral discs (annulus fibrosus ie. outside layer) and menisci of stifle joints

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20
Q

Elastic cartilage (4)

A

-contains numerous branching elastic fibres within the matrix
-matrix also contains collagen
-resilient and flexible
-found in the pinna of the ear, auditory (eustachian) tube, epiglottis, and larynx

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21
Q

Which type of cartilage is found at the sternal end of the ribs, articular surfaces of joints, nasal septum, larynx, and tracheal rings?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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22
Q

Which type of cartilage has elastic fibres

A

Elastic Cartilage

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23
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the skeletal template in the fetus

A

Hyaline

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24
Q

Which type of cartilage is interwoven collagen fibres?

A

Fibrocartilage

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25
Which type of cartilage is found in the menisci of the stifle joint and intervertebral discs?
Fibrocartilage
26
Which type of cartilage is closely packed collagen fibres?
Hyaline
27
Which type of cartilage is found in the pinna of the ear, auditory (eustachian) tube, epiglottis, and larynx?
Elastic Cartilage
28
Two types of bone
-Compact -Cancellous/Spongy
29
Bone matrix (4)
-calcified (CaPO4 and CaCO3) -hard -storage for calcium -contains collagen fibres (relatively flexible, tolerates tension/compression, light)
30
Bone (3)
-makes up the bulk of the skeleton -strong, relatively flexible, resistant to shattering -used for physical support and protection
31
Compact bone (3)
-located on the surface (outside) of bones -sturdy, protective layer -thickest where stresses are the greatest
32
The ratio of compact:cancellous bone
Varies with the shape of bone (ie. long vs flat bones)
33
Cancellous bone (2)
-located in the interior of bones -contain trabeculae (open network of bony plates)
34
Outer layer of bone is ___ and the inner layer of bone is ___
Compact; Cancellous/Spongy
35
Trabeculae are
Open networks of bony plates in cancellous bone
36
Examples of long bones include (3)
-forelimb -hindlimb -digits
37
Long bones consist of (3)
-diaphysis (holly shaft containing marrow) -epiphyses (ends, may be surrounded by cartilage) -metaphyses (narrow region between the diaphysis and epiphyses)
38
Long bones contain both
Cancellous and Compact Bone
39
Diaphysis (2)
-outer layer of compact bone called the Cortex -central space called the Medullary Cavity that contains marrow
40
Epiphyses (4)
-thin cortex of compact bone -central area of cancellous bone -ends of long bone -may be surrounded by cartilage
41
The narrow region between the diaphysis and epiphyses is the
Metaphyses
42
The shaft of long bones is called the
Diaphysis
43
The medullary cavity contains
Bone marrow
44
Flat bones include (4)
-skull -ribs -sternum -scapulae
45
Flat bones lack a ___
Medullary cavity
46
The skull is formed from
Mesenchyme
47
The ribs, sternum, and scapulae are formed via
Endochondrial ossification
48
In flat bones, marrow is
Dispersed within cancellous bone —> there is no medullary cavity
49
Structure of flat bones
Centre of cancellous bone sandwiched between two thick layers (tables) of compact bone
50
Periosteum (4)
-covers the outer layer of compact bone -not found at articular surfaces -becomes interwoven with tendons -has an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer
51
The inner cellular layer of the periosteum (2)
-functions in bone growth and repair -has osteogenic properties
52
Two layers of the periosteum
-outer fibrous layer -inner cellular layer
53
Endosteum (4)
-thin cellular layer -lines medullary cavity and trabeculae of cancellous bone -has osteogenic properties -functions in bone growth and repair
54
Osteogenic Properties means
Can divide and produce Matrix
55
Four types of bone cells
-osteoprogenitor cells -osteoblasts -osteocytes -osteoclasts
56
Osteoprogenitor Cells (5)
-derived from Mesenchymal stem cells -divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into Osteoblasts -pale staining nuclei and cytoplasm (difficult to distinguish) -located in the inner celllular layer of periosteum and endosteum -important in fracture repair
57
Osteoblasts (5)
-immature bone cells -reduce the Matric -form an epithelial layer in areas of active growth -prominent nucleolus -basophilic cytoplasm
58
Mature bone cells are called
Osteocytes
59
Immature bone cells are called
Osteoblasts
60
Osteocytes (7)
-mature bone cells developed from osteoblasts -most abundant cell type in bone -cannot divide -occupy Lacunae in formed bone -contact one another via Canaliculi (tunnels running to various lacunae) -maintain protein and mineral content of the Matrix -can be de-differentiated into osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells to help repair damaged bone (not efficient)
61
Canaliculi are (2)
-cytoplasmic extensions through narrow tunnels that run to various lacunae -allow osteocytes to contact one another
62
Which bone cell cannot divide
Osteocytes
63
Osteoclasts (4)
-syncytia (fusion) of many cells with over 50 nuclei -involved in bone resorption, Ca2+ and PO4 regulation, and bone remodelling -derived from monocytes (circulating macrophages) -found in areas of restored bone called Howship’s Lacunae at the junction of bone and endosteum
64
Collagenase is
An enzyme that breaks down collagen
65
Howship’s Lacunae
Areas of resorbed bone containing osteoclasts, found at the junction of bone and endosteum
66
The bony matrix is laid down in
Lamellae
67
Lamellae surround
Uniformly spaced osteocytes in lacunae
68
Radiating from lacunae are
Canaliculi that ramify throughout lamellae
69
In compact bone, lamellae are laid down in 3 forms
-Haversian Systems (Osteons) -Interstitial Lamellae -Circumferential Lamellae
70
Haversian Systems (Osteons) (4)
-osteocytes arranged in concentric lamellae around a central Haversian Canal -Haversian canals contain one or more blood vessels -aligned parallel to long axis of bone -Volkmann’s Canals at a right angle to Haversian canals
71
Interstitial Lamellae (2)
-between Haversian Systems -non-concentric lamellae (ie. they fill in the spaces)
72
Circumferential Lamellae (2)
-encircle bone -located beneath the periosteum and endosteum
73
In Cancellous/Spongy Bone (3)
-lamellae are not arranged in Haversian Systems -matrix from trabeculae -nutrients reach osteocytes via diffusion along Canaliculi that open onto the surface of trabeculae
74
Bones form via two processes:
-Cartilage Model (endochondrial ossification) -directly from Mesenchyme (intramembranous ossification)
75
Immature Trabeculae are called
Spicules
76
Formation of bone via Intramembranous Ossification (7)
1. Embryonic Mesenchymal cells cluster and secrete Matrix 2. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into Osteoblasts at the ossification centre 3. Developing bone extends from ossification centre as spicules where osteoblasts become trapped and transform into osteocytes 4. Blood vessels grow into developing bone 5. Matrix is calcified 6. Initially formed as cancellous/spongy bone 7. Remodelled into compact bone
77
In Intramembranous Ossification, there is no
Cartilage precursor
78
Most bones will form via
Endochondral Ossification (Cartilage Model)
79
Which bones form via Intramembranous Ossification?
-flat bones of skull -mandible -clavicle
80
Which bone cells secrete Matrix
Osteoblasts
81
Bone Formation via Endochondral Ossification (6)
1. In the Diaphysis, Chondrocytes hypertrophy and die as the surrounding matrix calcifies (Primary Centre of Ossification) 2. Cells of Perichondrium differentiate into Osteoblasts and lay a thin bony collar around the surface of the cartilaginous (hyaline) diaphysis 3. Blood vessels grow into the Perichondrium and invade spaces left by the dying Chondrocytes 4. Fibroblasts migrate into areas left by dying Chondrocytes 5. Fibroblasts differentiate into Osteoblasts and lay down Cancellous Bone 6. Secondary Centres of Ossification in the Epiphyses form cancellous bone, the cartilage remains on articular surfaces and at the level of the metaphyses (ie. ephyphyseal plates/growth plates)
82
5 zones of Endochondral ossification
Zone 1: resting cartilage Zone 2: proliferating cartilage Zone 3: hypertrophic cartilage Zone 4: calcified cartilage Zone 5: ossification
83
Continued growth in length of long bones occurs at the
Epiphyseal Plate
84
The epiphyseal plate remains
A constant length until growth has ceased (ie. maturity)
85
Continued growth in long bones (5)
1. Chrondrocytes multiply at Epiphyseal Plate 2. Chondrocytes mature and hypertrophy at diaphyseal end and lay down calcium 3. Chondrocytes die; capillaries and Osteoprogenitor cells fill the remaining spaces and lay down bony Matrix on the calcified cartilage spicules 4. Bone at diaphyseal end is eroded by Osteoclasts, enlarging the marrow cavity 5. Chondrocyte proliferation equals rate of osteoclast remodelling
86
Spicules will mature into
Trabeculae
87
Growth in long bone diameter occurs via
Appositional Growth (adding to the outside)
88
The medullary cavity will ___ as bone increases in diameter due to _____
Enlarge; osteoclasts removing bone from inside the bony collar to expand the medullary cavity

AGRC1041 (17 decks)

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