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AGRC1041 > pH & Body Fluid Homeostasis > Flashcards

pH & Body Fluid Homeostasis Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Proton (H+) donors are called

A

Acids

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2
Q

Acids are

A

Substances containing hydrogen which dissociate in a solution (ie. they dissolved in body fluids and release H+)

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3
Q

Pyruvic acid and lactic acid are important for

A

Cellular respiration

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4
Q

4 physiologically important acids are:

A

-carbonic acid (H2CO3)
-phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
-Pyruvic acid (C3H4O3)
-lactic acid (C3H6O3)

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5
Q

Proton (H+) acceptors (ie. take hydrogen) are called

A

Bases

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6
Q

2 physiologically important bases are

A

-bicarbonate (HCO3-)
-biphosphate (HPO4 2-)

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7
Q

The acid-base balance is primarily concerned with these two ions:

A

-hydrogen (H+) = acid
-bicarbonate (HCO3-) = base

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8
Q

Bases are

A

Molecules capable of accepting a hydrogen ion (OH-)

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9
Q

Pure water always has

A

Equal numbers of H+ and OH- ions

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10
Q

pH (4)

A

-“power of hydrogen”
-specifies the acidity of a solution
-logarithmic scale
-inversely expresses hydrogen ion concentration in solution

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11
Q

The smaller the pH number,

A

The more H+ present = acid

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12
Q

Venous blood is more __ than arterial blood

A

Acidic

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13
Q

Normal blood pH is

A

7.35-7.45

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14
Q

Alkalosis is when pH is

A

> 7.45

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15
Q

pH compatible with life is

A

6.8-8.0

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16
Q

A pH of <7.35 will result in

A

Acidosis

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17
Q

A volatile acid is

A

An acid being produced when CO2 is involved

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18
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase reaction produces

A

-H+
-bicarbonate

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19
Q

A major source of H+ ions is through

A

Aerobic respiration

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20
Q

Aerobic respiration formula is

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

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21
Q

3 mechanisms that maintain pH of extracellular fluid are

A

-chemical buffers in the blood (reacts within seconds)
-respiratory regulation (reacts within minutes)
-renal regulation (reacts within hours)

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22
Q

Breathing is controlled by the

A

Autonomic nervous system

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23
Q

As breathing increases, (2)

A

-blood CO2 levels decrease
-blood becomes more basic (increase in pH)

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24
Q

Respiratory Regulation (3)

A

-reacts to pH levels rapidly (within minutes)
-adjusts speed (respiratory frequency) and depth (tidal volume) of breathing to regulate pH
-chemoreceptors in the medulla of the brain sense pH changes and will vary the rate/depth of breathing

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25
As breathing decreases, (2)
-blood CO2 levels increase -blood becomes more acidic (pH decreases)
26
As CO2 increases, the body becomes more
Acidic
27
Tidal volume (Tv) is
Depth of breathing
28
Respiratory rate is the
Breathing frequency/speed (Rf)
29
Renal Regulation (2)
-reacts to pH levels slowly (hours to days) -kidneys can alter the amount of acid or base excreted, but it takes several days
30
Excess acid is excreted by the ___ as ___
Kidneys; Ammonia
31
The kidneys can indirectly reabsorb ___ to combat ___
Bicarbonate (base); Acidosis
32
As CO2 and H+ increase, pH will
Decrease (become more acidic)(
33
pH buffers work to
Maintain changes in the pH of a solution by binding free acid or base
34
H+ is buffered by
Haemoglobin
35
As CO2 and H+ decrease, the pH will
Increase (become more basic)
36
Plasma has ___ concentrations of CO2
High
37
Chloride shift ensures
Electrical neutrality
38
Bicarbonate reacts with hydrogen ions to form
-CO2 -water
39
Low CO2 concentration levels are found in the
Pulmonary circulation
40
Two major disturbances in the acid-base balance are
-acidosis (acidaemia) -alkalosis (alkalaemia)
41
pH changes can have dramatic effects on normal cell function, such as (3)
-changes in excitability of nerve and muscle cells -enzyme activity -K+ levels
42
A pH of <7.35 will result in
Acidosis
43
A decrease in pH (4)
-means an increase in H+ ions -more acidic -depresses the CNS -can lead to lose of consciousness
44
A pH of >7.45 will result in
Alkalosis
45
An increase in pH (3)
-more basic -can cause over-excitability -tingling sensations, nervousness, muscle twitches
46
Acidosis/Alkalosis can arise from two ways:
-Respiratory (ie. faulty breathing) -Metabolic (caused by vomiting, diarrhoea, ineffective bicarbonate buffering, kidney disorders, or ingestion of acid/base)
47
Parietal cells secrete ___ into the ___
Hydrogen ions; lumen of stomach
48
In pancreatic cells, the direction of ion movement is reversed, which means
-H+ ions are secreted into the blood -bicarbonate ions diffuse into pancreatic fluid
49
Metabolic acidosis (3)
-caused by severe diarrhoea or prolonged deep vomiting (from duodenum) -bicarbonate is lost from the body rather than reabsorbed, lowering the pH -less bicarbonate is available for buffering H+
50
Metabolic Alkalosis (4)
-results from vomiting -excess loss of H+ through hydrochloric acid (HCl) -bicarbonate is not neutralized in the plasma -loss of HCl increases plasma bicarbonate resulting in an increase in blood pH
51
The body responds to alkalosis to lower the pH by: (2)
-retain CO2 by decreasing the breathing rate -kidneys increase the retention of H+
52
Normal pH in the present of an acid-base disorder means
It is a mixed respiratory AND metabolic acid-base disroder
53
What is used to measure pH
Arterial blood gas sample
54
Partial pressure of CO2 is
40 mmHg
55
Bicarbonate levels in the blood should be
24 meq/L
56
A high PCO2 results in
Respiratory Acidosis
57
A high bicarbonate measurement results in
Metabolic Alkalosis
58
A low PCO2 measurement results in
Respiratory Alkalosis
59
A low bicarbonate measurement results in
Metabolic Acidosis
60
Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis is determined by
Partial pressure of CO2 (high=acidosis, low=alkalosis)
61
Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis is determined by
Bicarbonate levels in the blood (low=acidosis, high=alkalosis)
62
Body compartments are made of (3)
-intracellular fluid (~40%) -extracellular fluid (~20%) -water (60%)
63
Fluid within the cells is called
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
64
Fluid within vessels is called
Intravascular fluid (plasma)
65
Extracellular fluid (ECF) is made of two parts
-plasma (5%) -interstitial fluid (15%)
66
About __% of the body is water while 40% is ___
60; dry matter
67
Fluid outside the cells is called
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
68
40% of body weight is
Intracellular fluid
69
20% of body weight is
Extracellular fluid (5%=plasma, 15%=interstitial fluid)
70
In dogs, total blood volume is
80-90mL/kg
71
In cats, total blood volume is
60-70mL/kg
72
The lipid bilayer makes up the
Cell membrane
73
A semipermeable membrane means
Some things can cross freely (water, gasses, urea) while others need assistance via facilitated diffusion or active transport
74
Water is in ____, which means it can ____ across the membrane
-osmotic equilibrium -move freely
75
Ions and most solutes are in ___ which establishes ___
Chemical disequilibrium; resting membrane potential
76
Colloids are
Large molecules such as proteins and starches
77
There amount of pressure needed to prevent water from going back through the semipermeable membrane is called
Osmotic Pressure
78
Osmosis is the
Spontaneous movement of water through the semipermeable membrane
79
Fluids containing electrolytes and small molecules are called
Crystalloids
80
Crystalloids (2)
-fluids with electrolytes and small molecules -can move between all 3 compartments
81
Fluids with large molecules are called
Colloids
82
Colloids stay in the ___, generating ___
Intravascular space; colloid osmotic pressure
83
Pros and Cons of Crystalloids
Pros: -cheap -accessible Cons: -short half life -larger volume required
84
Pros and Cons of Colloids
Pros: -longer half life -smaller volume required Cons: -expensive -risk of allergic reaction to the proteins
85
Homeostasis is
Maintaining a relatively constant internal environment for optimal function
86
Negative Feedback Pathways (2)
-used to maintain a constant value (ie. “set point”) -corrective mechanisms to increase/decrease from the set point detected
87
6 ways water loss occurs daily
-urine -sweat -faeces -milk production -egg production -respiration
88
6 factors that influence the input/output of water
-age -sex -obesity -climate -habits -level of physical activity
89
Osmolality is the
Amount of solutes in the solvent (mass)
90
Osmolarity is
Per volume of a solution, measured in osmol/L
91
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) controls
The amount of water the body retains from the kidneys
92
Active regulation of osmotic pressure in the body is done through
Osmoregulation
93
Osmolarity is ___ and must be regulated to ___
-volume of solution (osmol/L) -prevent loss of water from cells
94
Osmoregulation (3)
-maintains fluid balance and electrolyte concentrations -kidneys play a large role -controlled by hypothalamus containing osmoreceptor cells
95
Osmoreceptor cells (2)
-contained in the Hypothalamus -detect changes in osmolarity of blood passing through the brain
96
The hypothalamus controls __ and produces ___
-thirst -vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
97
A dog that weighs 20kg will have how much intracellular fluid?
8 L (Intracellular fluid = 40% of body weight. 20kg X 0.4 = 8)
98
When a cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution, the cell volume___ and the cell ___
Decreases; shrinks
99
When a solution inside the cell has a higher concentration,
Water enters the cell and bursts it
100
Hypotonic is when
Solution inside the cell has a higher concentration that outside the cell
101
When a solution outside the cell has a higher concentration,
Water leaves the cell and the cell shrinks
102
A hypertonic solution is when
Solution outside the cell has a higher concentration
103
A hypertonic solution is when
Solution outside the cell has a higher concentration

AGRC1041 (17 decks)

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