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AGRC1041 > Eukaryotic Cell > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cell Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Cells consist of two main components and animal cells lack a

A

-nucleus
-cytoplasm
-animal cells lack a cell wall

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2
Q

The nucleus (2) and contains (3):

A

-largest structure
-essential
Contains:
-DNA and chromosomes
-Nucleoproteins (for DNA and RNA synthesis and folding of DNA)
-newly synthesized RNA

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3
Q

Two forms of DNA are:

A

-Heterochromatin (dark, clumped peripherally)
-Euchromatin (light, scattered)

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4
Q

Which form of DNA is involved in RNA synthesis?

A

Euchromatin

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5
Q

Which form of DNA is silenced (ie. NOT involved in RNA synthesis)

A

Heterochromatin

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6
Q

Nuclear morphology is used to

A

Identify cells that are neoplastic (large and multi-nucleated)

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7
Q

The nuclear envelope (4)

A

-contains the nucleus
-composed of an inner and outer membrane
-continuous with the Endoplasmic Reticulum
-consists of Nucleoporins (allow movement between nucleus and cytoplasm)

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8
Q

The Nucleolus (3) and consists of (2)

A

-roughly spherical in shape
-may be more than one present
-involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome assembly
Consists of:
-Nucleonema (partially assembled ribosomes)
-Pars amorpha (DNA coding for rRNA)

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9
Q

The Cytoplasm (2)

A

-aka Cytosol
-consists of a number of organelles (ER, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles) within a fluid medium

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10
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (3)

A

-network of membranes (“RETE” in Latin = net)
-connected to nuclear envelope
-two types (rough and smooth)

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11
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER): (2)

A

-ribosomes on outer surface involved with protein synthesis (translate mRNA into protein)
-modification and packaging of proteins BEFORE transported to Golgi

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12
Q

Which Endoplasmic Reticulum is closest to the nucleus?

A

Rough

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13
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER): (4)

A

-NO ribosomes
-involved in synthesis and/or storage of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycerides, glycogen, and steroids
-drug detoxification
-Calcium storage in muscle

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14
Q

Ribosomes (2)

A

-consist of rRNA and proteins
-responsible for protein assembly (structure, chemical messengers, and enzymes)

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15
Q

An increased protein production requires more

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

Ribosomes are synthesized in the ____, assembled in the ____, and transferred to the ____

A

Nucleus, Nucleolus, Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Golgi Apparatus (3)

A

-consists of a series of membranous sacks called Cisternae
-located close to the nucleus and ER
-communicates with ER and cell surface via Vesicles

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18
Q

3 major functions of the Golgi Apparatus are

A

-modification and packaging of secretory products (hormones and enzymes)
-synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids for cell membrane
-packages enzymes for use within the cell

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19
Q

Mitochondria (5)

A

-have their own DNA (can self replicate)
-supply the cell’s energy
-consists of an outer and inner membrane folded into Cristae to increase surface area
-ATP formed within the matrix
-regulate Apoptosis (cell death)

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20
Q

Lysosomes (3)

A

-produced by the Golgi Apparatus
-round, membrane bound vesicles
-contain ~50 types of acid hydrolyses (ie. digestive enzymes)

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21
Q

Three functions of Lysosomes

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A

-degrade defunct organelles
-digest carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
-kill intracellular microorganisms

22
Q

Primary Lysosome (2)

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A

-inactive enzymes
-fuse with damaged organelle via Autophagy and become a Secondary Lysosome

23
Q

Secondary Lysosome (2)

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A

-phagocytosis of damaged organelle
-activated enzymes

24
Q

Residual Body (3)

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A

-exhausted lysosome
-filled with undigested debris
-either extruded from the cell or remain as Lipofuscin Granules

25
Centrioles (3)
-usually two aligned at right angles near the nucleus in the centrosome -cylindrical structure composed of Microtubules (9 microtubule triplets = 27 in total) -used for cell division and formation of cytoskeleton
26
Lipofuscin are
Defunct lysosomes
27
The cytoskeleton is ___ and consists of (3)
-a framework of several types of proteinaceous filaments and tubules within the cell Consists of: -micro filaments -microtubules -intermediate filaments (mainly keratin)
28
Biological Membranes (3)
-contain the organelles within the cell -functionally polarized -permeable to lipid soluble molecules but NOT lipid insoluble
29
6 main functions of Biological Membranes
-protection -absorption and transport -adherence -compartmentalisation -provide internal surface area -cell-to-cell communication
30
Phospholipid Bilayer (4)
-two layers -semi fluid -hydrophobic tails -hydrophilic heads
31
Membrane protein functions (5)
-anchoring of cells to one another or structures -cell recognition (prevents immune attack on self) -enzymes to catalyze intra- or extra-cellular reactions -carriers to move substances across the membrane -channels that move water and ions across the membrane
32
Proteins associated with the Plasma/Cell Membrane (2)
Integral Proteins -embedded in the bilayer -movement of compounds across the membrane -can be transmembrane proteins (ie. span across the entire width of the membrane) Peripheral Proteins -bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane
33
Extracellular surface of the membrane contain (2)
-Glycoproteins -Glycolipids
34
___ molecules are embedded within the _____
Cholesterol; hydrophobic region of the bilayer
35
Carbohydrate chains extend into the extracellular environment to form the
Glycocalyx
36
Four functions of the Glycocalyx
-Cell recognition -adhesion -adsorption of molecules (binding of specific molecules to alter cell function) -mechanical and chemical protection (forms a viscous layer that lubricates and protects)
37
Three specializations of the Plasma Membrane
-tight junctions -desmosomes -gap junctions
38
Tight Junctions (3):
-located immediately beneath the apical surface of the cell -blocks the passage of solutes into the intercellular space -each tight junction forms a band around the apical portion of the cell, creating the Zonula Occludens
39
Desmosomes (6):
-adhering/anchoring junctions -bind to adjacent cell -linked to cytoskeleton -strong, resistant to stretching/twisting -continuous band below tight junction -hemidesmosomes between the basal portion of cell and basement membrane in epithelial cell
40
Gap Junctions (2):
-two cells locked together by Connexins (membrane proteins) -form channels for the movement of ions, nutrients, and signalling chemicals
41
Microvilli (4)
-short, finger-like projections of plasma membrane -increases surface area for absorption -mostly found in gut (epithelial cells of small intestine) -aka Brush Border
42
Cilia (3)
-long -wave-like, synchronous motility that propels fluid -found in oviduct and airways
43
Stereocilia (3)
-increase surface area for absorption -long microvilli, NOT cilia -found in epithelial cells of the epididymis
44
Passive Diffusion (3)
-movement down the concentration gradient -no energy needed -small molecules
45
Facilitated Diffusion (3)
-movement of large, hydrophilic molecules down the concentration gradient -no energy required -rate of transport is determined by the number of carrier proteins present
46
Active Transport (2)
-transport of molecules against the concentration gradient -requires energy (ATP)
47
Endocytosis (2)
-bulk transport INTO the cell -cell membrane bulges inward to form pseudopodia and pinches off to form a vesicle which will fuse with lysosomes
48
Three types of Endocytosis
-Pinocytosis: extracellular fluid -Phagocytosis: extracellular solid material (ex. Bacteria) -Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: receptors within a clathrin-coated pit on the cell surface bind to specific molecules
49
Exocytosis (4)
-bulk transportation OUT of cell -expulsion of waste products or secretory products -steroids/lipids leave via Passive Diffusion OR are stored until bulk release -proteins released via Constitutive Secretion (continuously) OR Regulated Secretion (stored in vesicle until signalled for release)
50
Apoptosis (5)
-genetically programmed cell death -response to genetic error -absent in tumour cells -common in embryonic tissue -intrinsic (stress, UV radiation, DNA damage etc activates a signalling cascade within mitochondria) or extrinsic (initiated via death ligands)
51
Necrosis (3)
-uncontrolled cell death (lysis of cells) -cells are exposed to conditions that they cannot tolerate and die -creates an inflammatory response

AGRC1041 (17 decks)

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