CASE STUDIES

Question 1

what country uses GNH (gross national happiness)

Answer 1

Bhutan

Question 2

when did bhutan change its goal to be driven by GNH index

Answer 2

Gross National Happiness Index is the goal of the government of Bhutan in the Constitution of Bhutan, enacted on 18 July 2008.

Question 3

what country’s law is influenced by sharia law

Answer 3

The legal system of Saudi Arabia is based on the Wahhabi interpretation of Sharia Law

Question 4

what country uses sharia law as a aprt of its legal system, examples of where sharia law is implemented

Answer 4

SAUDI ARABIA
It says that men and women should be kept separate and that women should wear veils to cover themselves.
It’s also the law in Saudi Arabia that every woman must have a male guardian/chaperone known as a mahram . This is often a relative or the woman’s husband.

Question 5

examples of countries that show that traditional methods of measuring development may not be accurate is saying which country is truly more developed

Answer 5

Despite Bhutan’s HDI being lower than Saudi Arabia they are more focused on their citizens’ happiness compared to Saudi Arabia who do not consider women and men as equals showing a clear disregard for half of their population yet they have a higher HDI (0.854 vs Bhutan’s 0.654) as it does not measure individuals level of happiness but quantitative measures such as life expectancy, education and GNI per capita (gross national income).

Question 6

what is an example of countries who use sharia law

hint: some of the richest and poorest

Answer 6

the richest (Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UEA) and some of the poorest nations (Afghanistan, Mauritania, Sudan, Yemen)

Question 7

what is sharia law

Answer 7

It dictates many aspects of life.

It is applied differently across the Muslim world: strictly in some countries and more flexibly in others.

Covers behaviour and beliefs (public and private)

Question 8

positive of sharia law

Answer 8

It includes Zakat, which means the payment of taxes to help less fortunate people.

Question 9

negative of sharia law

Answer 9

However, it perpetuates gender inequality, by denying fundamental human rights to women.

Question 10

how can strict sharia law lead to human rights violations

Answer 10

• Theft is punishable by the amputation of the right hand
• Converting from Islam is punishable by death
• A man can beat his wife for disobeying him
• A woman cannot speak alone to a man who is not her husband or relative

Question 11

who is an example of a leader that reduced his country’s poverty

Answer 11

Bolivia under Evo Morales

Question 12

Who was evo morales in Bolivia

Answer 12

He is an indigenous Aymara, (a large South American Indian group) who was first elected in 2006, and won an unprecedented third term in office in 2014

Question 13

how did evo morales increase development in bolivia

Answer 13

Taxes have been raised on the profits of oil TNCs to over 80% and the extra government income used to reduce poverty through health, education and other programmes including increasing the minimum wage by 50%.
Has lifted 500,000 Bolivians from poverty - extreme poverty has fallen by 43%

Question 14

true or false: is bolivia still one of the poorest countries despite evo morales governorship

Answer 14

true
However Bolivia is still one of the poorest countries in Latin America, dependent on its resources for economic growth, where a quarter of its population still live on 2$ a day, according to the world bank

Question 15

what are the key composite measures of development

Answer 15

HDI
GII
EPI
World happiness index
human freedom index
HPI

Question 16

what is HDI measuring

Answer 16

GNI pc, education (years of schooling), life expectancy

Question 17

what is GII measuring

Answer 17

Reproductive health, empowerment, labour market participation

Question 18

what is EPI

Answer 18

air quality, water / sanitation, biodiversity, forests, fisheries, climate and energy, air pollution, resources, and agriculture

Question 19

what is the world happiness index

Answer 19

income, freedom, trust in government, healthy life expectancy, social support from family and friends, and generosity

Question 20

what is human freedom index

Answer 20

rule of law, security and safety, assembly and civil society, freedom to trade, size of government, legal system and property rights

Question 21

what is happy planet index

Answer 21

a measure of sustainable well-being that assesses how efficiently countries deliver long, happy lives for their residents while minimizing their environmental footprint.

Question 22

how is happy planet index measured

Answer 22

well being x life expectancy x inequality of outcomes / ecological footprint

Question 23

example of the WFP (world food programme) working in a country

Answer 23

900,000 refugees now reside in 34 camps designated by the Government of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh is a low income country and cannot afford to address an international issue of this size by itself.

The WFP have introduced a card system where those within the camps are given a pre-loaded card which allows those within the camps to buy a variety of food, including fresh vegetables, eggs, and dried fish, in WFP-contracted shops in the camps.

Question 24

what are examples of country’s who have been negatively impacted by SAPs

Answer 24

1990 Algeria: 200 people killed in riots against rising prices and unemployment

1986 Ghana: water rates increased up to 11,000%, health fees up to 1,000%. Funding for agriculture focused on cocoa which increased problems for non-cocoa farmers (over 65% of the population in the poorest regions)

Question 25

why is the World Bank worried about the growth in tackling drug resistant infection/antimicrobial resistance

Answer 25

AMR could lead to a snowball effect of reversing decades of development gains. → this is worrying to the World bank as low income countries could lose 5% of their GDP and cause around 28 million people to fall into poverty by 2050. → Also could lead to a reduction in exports reducing global trade as well as causing rising healthcare costs to $300 billion to more than $1 trillion by 2050.

Question 26

how does tackling AMR align with the world banks mission

Answer 26

→ to meet the AMR challenge they have to reduce the overproduction, overprescription and overuse of antibiotics --- i.e the agriculture sector must stop using them as a growth promoter within their livestock. → clean water and sanitation as well as universal child immunization which prevents common infections which would otherwise require antibiotics are top priorities when combating AMR. --- This is in line with the world bank's mission to end extreme poverty.

Question 27

examples of democratic governments

Answer 27

australia UK

Question 28

examples of flawed democratic governments

Answer 28

India Brazil

Question 29

example of a hybrid government

Answer 29

Bhutan

Question 30

example of authouritarian and totalitarian governments

Answer 30

Oman China

Question 31

example of authouritarian government

Answer 31

Niger

Question 32

Example of totalitarian government

Answer 32

Uzebekistan

Question 33

what are similiarities between Saudi Arabia and France with their govt spending

Answer 33

- Healthcare is predominately state funded - Healthcare is of a high standard

Question 34

how does france differ from saudi arabia in terms of govt spending

Answer 34

-Government welfare and pension payments are high - Education spending in France is high - Government spending is 56% of GDP

Question 35

how does Saudi Arabia differ to France in terms of govt spending

Answer 35

- Pensions are low by global standards - autocratic power (a system of government where a single person or small group holds absolute power and makes decisions without significant input or influence from others) - Education spending is low. Saudi teachers are poorly trained

Question 36

what are the main reasons given for significant improvements in life expectancy in OECD countries?

Answer 36

Life expectancy has seen substantial gain with life expectancy at birth on average ten years higher today than in 1970. Those with the greatest gains are Turkey, Korea and Chile with increases of 24, 20 and 17 years respectively. This is due to a range of factors, not just improved health systems such as rising incomes, better education, healthier lifestyles and progress in health.

Question 37

What challenges does the Mexican government face in increasing life expectancy?

Answer 37

Mexico had the lowest life expectancy in 2015, around 75 years. With its life expectancy increasing more slowly than other OECD countries. due to harmful health-related behaviours such as poor nutrition and high obesity rates led to a rise in mortality rates from diabetes and circulatory diseases. There's also been high death rates from road traffic accidents and homicides as well as persistent barriers of access to quality care.

Question 38

why has the USA experienced a fall in life expectancy

Answer 38

fallen below the OECD average by 2 years. This is due to a range of factors such as the gov't delegating few resources to public health and primary care with a large portion of the population being uninsured. Health-related behaviours including greater obesity rates, higher illegal drug consumption as well as more deaths from homicides and road traffic accidents. There have also been higher rates of poverty and income inequality than in most OECD countries.

Question 39

to what extent is life expectancy directly correlated to GDP per capita -- use examples of OECD countries

Answer 39

Higher national income (measured by GDP per capita) is associated with higher life expectancy at birth (this correlation is less pronounced at the highest levels of national income). However, there are also differences of life expectancy between countries who have similar GDP per capita for example, Japan and Spain have higher life expectancy than USA, Luxembourg and Russia despite having higher GDP per capita than them. This shows there are a variety of factors that can lead to one country having a higher life expectancy than another, not just GDP per capita.

Question 40

What australian cities have an avg life expectany of 84+ years

Answer 40

melbourne sydney brisbane adelaide perth

Question 41

where in australia has the lowest life expectancy

Answer 41

the outback with avg life expectancy of 75 years

Question 42

what are the reasonings for life expectancy variation across Australia

Answer 42

Spatially: Cities life expectancy is much higher than remote areas The direct correlation between socio economic disadvantages and reduced life expectancy Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders can expect to live 8 years less than non-indigenous people

Question 43

why do Indigenous communities of Asutralia; Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders epxect to live less

Answer 43

- health factors - economic factors - lifestyle factors

Question 44

what health factors cause australian indigenous groups to have a lower life expectancy

Answer 44

Health: Infant mortality rates are twice as high (141/1000) 50% incidence of type 2 diabetes amongst indigenous communities TB is 12 times more prevalent, with kidney and respiratory diseases as well as cancer being more common

Question 45

what economic factors cause australian indigenous groups to have a lower life expectancy

Answer 45

Much higher rates of unemployment: 18.4% compared to 6.8% for australia. This varies great depending on degrees of remoteness Less than 3% of indigenous australians obtain a degree (15% of non-indigenous Austrailians) Average weekly income is AU$600 per week compared to non-indigenous australians AU$900

Question 46

what lifestyle factors cause australian indigenous groups to have a lower life expectancy

Answer 46

Obesity is 30% higher in indigenous children and 66% higher in indigenous adults Smoking and alcoholism are significantly higher in indigenous communities

Question 47

why are rates of education lower in countries where child labour is legal

Answer 47

particularly where there is high poverty / birth rates. Children need to work to feed the family (Int’l Labour Organisation says 150 million children are victims of forced labour)

Question 48

where has conflict and danger impacted childrens education

Answer 48

N. Nigeria – 14,000 attacks on education in 34 countries over 5 years

Question 49

where has the rise in child marriage led to a fall in education rates

Answer 49

38% sub-Saharan African girls are married before the age of 18. 59% of 20-24 years Bangladeshi women ‘in union’ before 18

Question 50

how has a lack of trained teachers led to a fall in rate of education

Answer 50

25.8 million new teachers required by 2030 (UN), often because of bad pay, low standards of training. Few female teachers as role models

Question 51

how has culture/religon influenced rate of education

Answer 51

cultural reasons mean girls are needed at home and not in school, in poor countries boys’ education is prioritised over girls as they’re seen as money-earners. Only 1/3 of girls in low income countries finish secondary school.

Question 52

how and where has period poverty influenced the rate of education

Answer 52

in poor countries girls can’t afford sanitary products and may drop out of school. Unicef estimates 1 in 5 girls drop out of school in India after their periods start

Question 53

who set up the international committee of the red cross and why?

Answer 53

It was set up by Henry Dunant after witnessing horrors on the battlefield in Italy in 1849

Question 54

when was the first geneva convention ratified and why?

Answer 54

1864 – ratified by major European nations to define broad rules to protect the wounded on the battlefield

Question 55

when were the 3 subsequent geneva conventions ratified and why

Answer 55

1949 - following the atrocities committed during the World Wars which showed that the Convention as they stood were ineffective, e.g. Nazi War Crimes.

Question 56

what are the 4 geneva conventions

Answer 56

protect: 1.Wounded and sick soldiers on land during war 2. Wounded, sick and shipwrecked military personnel at sea during war 3. Prisoners of War (POWs) 4. Civilians including those in occupied territories

Question 57

how many countries ratified the geneva convention

Answer 57

These basic rules of international humanitarian law in armed conflicts were ratified by 196 countries

Question 58

what are war crimes and who is held responsible

Answer 58

War Crimes War crimes are committed by individual people not entire countries, such as soldiers who torture the captured enemy or destroy a family's crops unnecessarily. Since individuals commit the crimes, individuals must be held responsible.

Question 59

examples of war crimes

Answer 59

During WW2 several million people, mainly people of jewish heritage, were murdered by Nazi Germany. There was great mistreatment of civilians and POWs by the Japanese during WW2 → This lead to allied powers to prosecute those who were deemed responsible for these war crimes For example: Adolf Eichmann was a high profile Nazi who was closely involved in the organisation of concentration camps and the policies of the holocaust. He was then tracked down in Argentina by Israeli agents and put on trial for his war crimes, subsequently being hung in 1960.

Question 60

what event acted as a catalyst for the creation of the Universal Declaration of human Rights

Answer 60

It was the Nazi attempt to exterminate the Jews during the Second World War

Question 61

what is the universal declaration of human rights based on

Answer 61

- The UN Declaration of Human Rights was created after WW2 – 1948 (by Eleanor Roosevelt) is based on the principle “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and human rights”.

Question 62

what does the universal declaration of human rights allow for

Answer 62

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a statement of intent and a framework for foreign policy statements to explain economic or military intervention

Question 63

true or false: all states have signed the declaration

Answer 63

FALSE not all states have signed the Declaration

Question 64

how many universal rights did the UDHR set out

Answer 64

The UDHR sets out 30 universal rights

Question 65

is UDHR legally binding?

Answer 65

NO it is a declaration not a treaty and therefore, not legally binding

Question 66

which 3 countries decided not to join the UDHR

Answer 66

South Africa USSR Saudi Arabis

Question 67

why did south africa not join the UDHR

Answer 67

to protect the apartheid system

Question 68

define national sovereignty

Answer 68

National sovereignty is the idea that a country's government determines the laws and policies in that country, and no higher authority has supreme power