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Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical causes of bostcastle flood?

A

Much of the drainage basin rock is impermeable.
High tide at sea.
Valency river has a small catchment area 23km2 with a steep gradient.
Torrential rain over 500mm in 4 hours.- remnants of hurricane Alex. Due to rainy summer, by August the sandstone was saturated.

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2
Q

Social impacts of flooding boscastle flood?

A

Destroyed homes
Stress and anxiety for local people.
No casualties or serious injuries - broken thumb
Cars belonging to over 1000 people washed away

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3
Q

Economic impacts of boscastle?

A

Insurance companies and premiums rose.
Insurance companies pain est 20 million
Farmers lost there crops.
A lot of money spent on rescues and reconstruction.
25 business properties destroyed
Infrastructure damaged- electricity pylon, bridges, 4 foot bridges, roads

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4
Q

Environmental impacts of bostcastle?

A

Trees uprooted
Debris scattered
Mud washed into the water
Crops destroyed

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5
Q

Longer terms effects of bostcastle.

A

Income declined upto 60%. People forced to relocate as couldn’t afford insurance costs.
Tourism declined

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6
Q

Physical causes of Bangladesh food.

A

80% of the country is a floodplain and delta.
70% of the land is less than 1m above sea level.
Snowmelt from Himalayas.
10% of the land is rivers and lakes.
Confluence of the 3 rivers

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7
Q

Human causes of Bangladesh?

A

Deforestation in Nepal
Rapid urbanisation in Dhaka
Building of dams in India
Global warming- increased rainfall, snowmelt

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8
Q

Social impacts of Bangladesh flood?

A

1300 people died
7 million homes destroyed
25 million homeless
Water bourne diseases spread- Cholera

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9
Q

Economic impacts of Bangladesh flood?

A

Cost of flood was 1 million dollars. Infrastructure destroyed. Money spent on flood defences. - bridges, roads, villages
Reliant on foreign aid.

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10
Q

Environmental impacts of Bangladesh flood.

A

Over half the land was underwater.
2 million tonnes of rice crops destroyed.
Fields of rotting crops
Half a million cattle and poultry killed

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11
Q

Short term Responses of bostcastle flood?

A

7 helicopters winched 150 people.

Locals and tourists took shelter in leisure centre.

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12
Q

Human of bostcastle flood?

A

Human- urbanisation. development of pavements and impermeable surfaces. Sewage and drainage system was very old.
Few flood defences

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13
Q

Extra info on bostcastle

A

August 2004

Area relies on tourism as 90% of income

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14
Q

Long term responses to boscastle?

A

£4.6 million flood defence scheme completed in 2008.
Low bridges removed
River widened through boscastle
Flood defence wall built in village centre
River bed deepened by 0.75m
Landowners encouraged to maintain vegetation on valley sides- trees removed

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15
Q

Short term responses to Bangladesh?

A

Boats to rescue people
Emergency supplies for food, shelter and medicine (water purification tablets) Aid from other countries- seeds, food
£21 million from UK

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16
Q

Long term responses to Bangladesh flood?

A 
Reduced deforestation in Nepal 
7 dams built 
5000 flood shelters built
350km of embankment built
Flood water storage areas created 
Developed a flood warning scheme
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17
Q

Background info on holderness

A

Average rate of erosion- 1.8m per year

61 km long

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18
Q

Why is holderness at risk?

A

Geology- cliffs made of bolder clay- not resistant- easily eroded through corrosion and prone to slumping
Narrow beaches, groynes at mappleton
Powerful waves- long fetch from artic sea
Dominant north easterly wind

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19
Q

Economic impacts of holderness erosion?

A

Bridlington tourism has received a 30% decline from 1998-2006
Caravan parks are at risk- seaside caravan park- Ultome loosing 10 pitches a year
2 million was spent in Mappleton on defences
Gas terminal at easington- 25m from cliff- responsible for 25% of britains gas supply

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20
Q

Social impacts of holderness erosion?

A

Negetive equity

30 villages lost since Roman times

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21
Q

Environmental impacts of holderness erosion?

A

SSSI’s are threatened- the Lagoons at Easington

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22
Q

Causes of hurricane Katerina Storm surge

A

2004
Low lying land
Change of direction of eye
Delta soil- subsidence- half and inch per year
Flood wall and levees collapsed only made for cat. 3 storm

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23
Q

Where has hard engineering been used? - coast

A

Lyme Regis- Dorset

South England

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24
Q

Why is Lyme Regis under threat?

A

Exposed to south westerly waves
Stormy conditions from English Channel
Geology mostly limestone and boulder clay
Rising sea level erodes base- causes landslides

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25
Engineering used at Lyme Regis?
Cobb gate to harbour- new sea wall, slip strengthening and drainage, rock armour The Cobb- strengthening foundation of the High wall
26
Benefits of Lyme Regis management?
``` More sand and shingle on the beach New promenade Improved ramp access to gardens and car parks Re-landscaped public gardens Improvements to Cobb road Housing and amenities saved ```
27
Drawbacks of Lyme Regis?
Cost- 33 million Sea wall require maintenance Visual pollution
28
What problems is the Essex coast facing?
Coastal squeeze Rising sea levels- 6mm per year Loss of salt marsh- 40% over last 25 years
29
What has been done at Essex?
Breached sea walls- at 4 areas flooded 21 hectors of farmland to encourage flooding Beach nourishment at Mersea Island Marsh stabilisation- planting brushwood and stakes
30
Advantages of Essex engineering?
Cheaper- would've cost 600,000 to repair sea wall- only lasted 20 years More marshland- more animal habitats Acts as a natural buffer to waves
31
Where has soft engineering been used- coast?
Blackwater estuary- Essex coast
32
Disadvantages of Essex management?
Land will be lost | Some land hasn't became marshland e.g Orphland site- still mud easily eroded
33
Why has hard engineering been used in China?
Yangtze River- floods seasonally- major cities near- Wuhan and Nanjing 5 major floods over last century 1998 flood killer 3000 and made 14 million homeless
34
What engineering is on Yangtze River?
46 dams- biggest 3 Gorges dam- 101m high, began in 1994- reservoir behind can store 22km cubed, largest hydroelectric power station- turns 26 turbines 3600 km of levees
35
Positive affects of engineering along Yangtze?
Reduced a major flood from once every 10 years to every 100 years Supplies 3% of China's demand for electricity
36
Negetive affects of Yangtze?
Upto 2 million people forced to relocate Reservoir will flood farmland and 657 factories Destroy habitats and endanger species- 100 Baji dolphins may be starved Increase flooding in tributaries
37
Case study for pharmaceutical company?
Glaxosmithkline
38
Research and production of gsk?
Produces 4 million packs if medicines. Quarter of worlds vaccines. Produces products for both wealthy- Pravistatin RL- CHD and poor countries- Polio vaccines
39
Distribution and sales of Glaxosmithkline?
Makes large profit- donates to poorer countries Donated 750 million albendazole tablets to 130million people with elephantiasis Invests in community programmes- 3.8% of pre tax profit in 2007
40
Problem of healthcare in Ethiopia?
``` Life expectancy- 52 IMR- 8% Poor nutrition, sanitation and unclean water Infectious disease is common Shortage of hospitals and doctors Rural areas 3 doctors per 100,00 ```
41
Solutions to Ethiopia
Foreign aid- spent on vaccinations and contraception's Funds the health extension programme- trains locals in basic health care Millions of bed nets given out- malaria cases fell by 20% in a year
42
What are the contrasting Heath care systems?
Cuba's state run vs Ethiopia's- Local health care workers
43
Features of cuba's health care?
``` State run Doctor on every block Annual check ups- family Every child receives free vaccinations 1 doctor per 170 people ```
44
Advantage of cuba's health care?
Has worlds lowest IMR Life expectancy 77.5 Double the no. Doctors per people ration the U.S. And UK
45
Disadvantages of Cuba healthcare?
Doctors paid extremely low salaries Do not have up to date equipment Medicine shortages- blackmarket Bribery for privileges
46
Where are CVD's highest?
Russia North Africa Middle East However CHD is UK's biggest killer
47
Economic impacts of CVD's?
Costs billions in healthcare costs 1 in 6 health care dollars spent on CVD's Absence from work and early retirements Increase in voluntary care
48
Social impacts of CVD's?
Kills the same no. People in US as cancer, accidents and respiratory diseases combined Family care to help member recover from stroke
49
Management of CVD's?
EU countries agreed in November 2013 to take part in the common health problems UK- Change 4 life programme EU health commissioner organised an EU summit on Chronic disease- April 2014 "European week of sport"
50
Distribution of HIV/AIDS
High in sub Saharan Africa and Russia | Lowest in Middle East
51
Social impacts of the disease in Botswana
HIV patients occupy beds 4 times longer Doctors overworked- quality of care decreased Increase children becoming orphans- 67,000 or carers and abandon education Stigma attached to the disease Increase of poverty Emotional strain Life expectancy decreases- 67.5 to 47.4 2001
52
Background info on AIDS in Botswana
320,000 living with HIV 5,800 died due to AIDS 2012
53
Economic impacts of HIV
17% of medical staff lost- 1999-2005 Loss of economically active- each worker will acquire 1 additional dependent over 10 years Increase is destitute households Increase in child and women informal work HIV related care can take 1/3 of income Shortage of teachers Influence of governmental spending
54
Environmental impacts in Botswana?
Decrease in agricultural workforce- food shortage | Increase in plant disease and pests as less money is spent on farming
55
Management in Botswana?
Routine and mandatory testing in high risk areas HIV prevention programmes- teacher capacity building programme HIV Interventions on radio Voluntary male circumcision Mass antiretroviral programme Prevention of mother to child transmission programme
56
Why did France need an increase in birth rate?
Lack of labour force Affects of ageing population Population was in decline
57
Policies put in place in France?
1967 Maternity leave full pay- 20 weeks first child, 40 weeks 3rd £1064 for having 3rd child Full tax Benefits until youngest reaches 10 30% fare reduction for 3 child families
58
Negatives of French policy?
Increase in Sti's | More youthful dependents
59
Positives of policy?
More families using public transport | Increased immigration
60
Extra facts about China's 1 child policy?
400 million births prevented | 90% of abortions were female
61
Healthcare in Birmingham
NHS Split into trust- eg South bham trust Overall organisation- primary care trust
62
Facts surrounding Birmingham?
Pop- 1.1 million 2015 179 health services 58 hospitals inc mental and children's
63
Issues facing bham?
Waiting times People can't afford private health Building of QE Elderly people in bham
64
Things Birmingham provides?
Free health clinics Activities - leisure Healthy living course Extensive opportunities- parks

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