case study brief summaries

Question 1

aim of dement and kleitman

Answer 1

to investigate the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming

Question 2

sample and method of dement and kleitman

Answer 2

9 adult(7male, 2female), 5 were intensively studied, while 4 were used for confirmation, volunteer sampling

Question 3

experiment design of dement and kleitman

Answer 3

lab experiment with repeated measures desgin, participants slept in a controlled sleep lab while attached to eeg, woken up during different onset of REM sleep and asked to report dreams

Question 4

dement and kleitman generalisabillity

Answer 4

small sample size, mostly men, reducing generalisabilty, results may not apply to those with different sleep patterns or disorders

Question 5

dement and kleitman reliablity

Answer 5

highly controlld environment, consistent EG measures -> high reliability, replicable but individual differences in dream recall could affect consistency

Question 6

dement and kleitman application

Answer 6

supports sleep studies, dream research, and understanding of REM cycles. useful for treating sleep disorders

Question 7

dement and kleitman internal validity

Answer 7

high control (EEGA accurately measures REM). demand characteristics (participants knew they were in a sleep study)

Question 8

dement and kleitman ecological validity

Answer 8

low(unnatural sleep environment in a lab), being observed and wired to an EEG may have disrupted normal sleep

Question 9

dement and kleitman ethical issues

Answer 9

participants may have beem stressed by being woken up multiple times, no deception or significant harm reported

Question 10

dement and kleitman strengths n weaknesses

Answer 10

s: highly controlled, objective data from EEG
w: small sample, low ecological validity

Question 11

dement and kleitman results

Answer 11

participants woken in REM sleep reported dreaming 80% of the time, no clear dream recall during non REM Sleep

Question 12

dement and kleitman conclusion

Answer 12

REM sleep is associated with dreaming, eye movements correspond to dream activity

Question 13

hassett aim

Answer 13

to examine whether toy preferences in rhesus monkeys align with human gendered toy preferences

Question 14

hassett sample and sampling method

Answer 14

82 rhesus monkeys (61male, 21female), opportunity sampling( monkeys from a breeding colony)

Question 15

hassett experiment design

Answer 15

Field experiment involving a controlled observation, independent measures

Question 16

hassett generalisability

Answer 16

limited to rhesus monkeys, though findings suggest biological influences on play

Question 17

hassett reliability

Answer 17

controlled setting increases reliability, possible individual differences in toy preferences

Question 18

hassett application

Answer 18

supports nature v.nurture debate in human gender development

Question 19

hassett internal validity

Answer 19

strong control over variables, but behaviour could be influenced by other environmental factors

Question 20

hassett ecological validity

Answer 20

is low because the sample consisted of monkeys in captivity, and they might be more likely to show interest in new objects in their environment.

Question 21

hassett ethical issues

Answer 21

no significant harm, but using animals in research raises ethical concerns

Question 22

hassett strengths and weaknesses

Answer 22

s: no demand characteristics, natural behavior observed
w: limited human application ethical concerns

Question 23

hassett results

Answer 23

males preferred wheeled toys; females played with both types equally

Question 24

hassett conclusion

Answer 24

suggests biological influences on gendered play behavior

Question 25

hozel aim

Answer 25

to investigate whether mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) leads to structural changes in the brain

Question 26

hozel sample and sampling method

Answer 26

16 adults who completed the 8-week MBSR program, 17 in the control group

Question 27

hozel experiment design

Answer 27

longitudinal study, mri scans before and after the study

Question 28

hozel generalisability

Answer 28

small sample, mostly adults, limiting applications to younger populations

Question 29

hozel reliability

Answer 29

mri scans provide objective data, making findings reliable

Question 30

hozel application

Answer 30

supports mindfulness programs for stress reduction, applied in therpy for anxiety and depressionho

Question 31

hozel internal validity

Answer 31

high control with mri scans, but placebo effects are possible

Question 32

hozel ecological validity

Answer 32

use of mri scan decreased ecological validity

Question 33

hozel ethical concerns

Answer 33

psychological distress from the mri scan's sound, delayed treatment for the controll group

Question 34

hozel strengths and weaknesses

Answer 34

s: objective measures, real world application w: small sample, self selection bias

Question 35

hozel results

Answer 35

increased grey matter in brain areas related to memory and emotion regulation

Question 36

hozel conclusion

Answer 36

MBSR leas to neuroplasticity changes in the brain

Question 37

andrade aim

Answer 37

to test whether doodling improves concentration and recall

Question 38

andrade sample and sampling method

Answer 38

total 40, 20 experimental and 20 in control, mostly females, opportunity sampling from research panel participants who just finished another psychology study

Question 39

andrade experimental design

Answer 39

lab experiment with independent measures design.

Question 40

andrade generalisability

Answer 40

mostly female sample limits wider application

Question 41

andrade reliability

Answer 41

highly controlled -> high reliabilitu

Question 42

andrade application

Answer 42

used in education and workplace productivity research

Question 43

andrade internal validity

Answer 43

high control, but demand characteristics may exist