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Research Methods Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Independent variable (IV)

A

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher to check its effect on the dependent variable

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2
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

is the variable being measured by the researcher

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3
Q

Laboratory Experiment

A

The experiment is conducted in an unnatural and controlled environment. The IV is manipulated be the researcher

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4
Q

Filed Experimnet

A

the experiment takes place in natural settings, and the IV is manipulated by the researcher

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5
Q

Natural Experiment

A

the experiment takes place in a natural setting and the Iv is not directly manipulated by the researcher, it happens naturally by chance

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6
Q

quasi experiment

A

the researcher has lots of control over the procedure, but not over the allocation of participants

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7
Q

Independent measures desgin

A

different groups of participants are used for each level of the IV.

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8
Q

repeated measures design

A

each participant takes part in every condition of the study

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9
Q

matched pairs design

A

participants are matched in pairs according to a characteristic they have, that is similar

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10
Q

random allocation

A

participants are randomly distributed to each level of the IV to reduce the effect of individual differences affecting the study’s results

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11
Q

practice effect

A

due to familiarity or learning how to solve the task

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12
Q

fatigue effect

A

participants performance declines when participating for too long, due to boredom or tiredness

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13
Q

counterbalancing

A

used to overcome order effects, when the order in which each group attends each level of the IV is the opposite. A,B B,A

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14
Q

Questionnaries

A

close ended and open ended

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15
Q

structured interview

A

fixed questions`

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16
Q

unstructured interview

A

questions depend on the answer of the respondent

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17
Q

semi-structured interview

A

fixed and unwritten questions

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18
Q

naturalistic observation

A

participants behaviour is observed in their natural environment without it having any manipulations from the researcher

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19
Q

controlled observation

A

participants behaviour is observed in a setting that has been manipulated by the researcher (maybe in the participants natural environment)

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20
Q

unstructured observations

A

researcher records all of the behaviours being exhibited by the subject

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21
Q

structured observation

A

researcher records only the particular behaviour being studied

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22
Q

non-directional hypotheses

A

predicts that there will be relationship between the variables, but does not specify the direction of the relationship

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23
Q

directional hypotheses

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A

predicts that there will be a specific relationship between the variables

24
Q

null hypotheses

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A

any relationship that is found between the variables is purely due to chance

25
operationalisation
defining variables to accurately manipulate, measure, quantify, and replucate
26
pilot study
are conducted to analyse the technical and financial risks and to assess the feasibility of the study. any plausible confounding variables are found and controlled to ensure it does not affect the real trial
27
standardised procedure
important to ensure that all participants undergo the same procedure. this helps to increase reliability and replicability
28
opportunity sampling
participants are chosen because they are available
29
volunteer sampling
participants are invited to participate, those who reply will be part of the sample
30
random sampling
all participants are chosen randomly. could be with a draw, or random number generator
31
quantitative data
data in numerical format
32
qualitative data
data written in a non=numerical format that often expresses a quality or opinion
33
mean, median and mode
a mathematical way to find the average score from a data set
34
standard deviation
the average difference between each score in the data set and the mean
35
informed consent
the aim should be told to the participants before the study. If the aim needs to be hidden to protect the validity of the finding, then sufficient data about the study should be given to participants for them to decide whether they want to participate or not.
36
protection
physical and physiological
37
right to withdraw
they should be informed that they can withdraw at any point
38
deception
participants should not be deceived during the study however if it's necessary to do so to protect the findings of the study, then participants need to be debriefed
39
confidentiality
participants identities and personal data should be concealed from the general public
40
privacy
invasive / private questions should be avoided. participants should be made aware of their right to ignore the questions they incur during the study.
41
debreifing
process by which the researchers explain the goal, aim, and purpose of the study, in addition to the use of possible deception, and prompt the participants to ask questions or for more information about the study.
42
replacement
try to use alternatives such as video recordings instead of animals
43
species and strain
chosen species/strain should be least likely to suffer from pain. whether they were socially housed or participated in other studies
44
the number of animals
minimum no. of animals required should be used
45
pain and distress
research causing any form of physical, emoional or psychological harm should not be conducted
46
housing
isolation and crowding can cause animals distress. aging conditions should depend on the social behaviour of the species. overcrowding can cause distress and aggression
47
rewards, deprivation and averise stimuli
normal drinking and feeding patterns of the animal should be followed. preferred food should be used as a motivator, rather than deprivation
48
anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia
during surgery, anaesthesia and analgeisa should be used. if the animal sffers lasting pain, it should be euthanised
49
reliablity
the consistency of the outcome
50
validity
the extent to which the study measures what is intended to study
51
ecological validity
the extent to which the results of the study represent real life bahovior
52
generalisability
the extent to which the results represent the behaviour of the target population
53
test-retest
a way to measure the consistency of a test. the test is used twice and if the scores on both tests are similar, then is has good reliability
54
demand characteristics
when participants change their behaviour as they derive cues on what is expected of them
55
inter-rater reliability
the extent to which similar conclusions are produced by two researchers interpreting the same qualitative responses
56
inter-observer reliability
the extent to which similar observations are produced by two researchers observing the same event

as psychology (5 decks)

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