CASE STUDY: NIGERIA/LONDON (development)

Question 1

NATIONAL importance of Nigeria ?

Answer 1

NATIONAL:
ECONOMIC: highest GDP in continent
- 3rd largest manufacturing industry

POLITICAL: China / South Africa starts to invest in NIGERIA

SOCIAL : multicultural and multi faith

Question 2

INTERNATIONAL importance of Nigeria ?

Answer 2

ECONOMIC: world 21st largest country
- hugest average GDP growth
- supplies 2.7% oil
- Lagos is economic hub

POLITICAL: banks 5th highest contributer to UN peacekeeping mission

Question 3

political , social and cultural context of Nigeria ?

Answer 3

POLITICAL: 1960s countries gain INDEPENDENCE - civil wars
- recent fair election/stable government
- forgein companies start to invest

SOCIAL: multicultural/multifaith
- economic inequality between N/S led to tensions

CULTURAL: own music/nollywood
-2nd largest film industry in world

Question 4

how does MANUFACTURING affect economic development

Answer 4

• more secure income by regualr paid work
• industries stimuate growth through** close links** with eachother
• more employment/revenue from taxes increase
• attrcats forgein investment
• oil processing creates by products - more chemical industry

Question 5

what are TNCS and what do they take advantage of ?

Answer 5

large company that operates in sevral countries.
locate in different countries to take advantage of:
- tax incentives
- cheap labour
- less environmental laws
- access to wider market

Question 6

AD/dis OF TNCs on host countries?

Answer 6

AD: -provides employment/devlopemnt of new skills
- money is spent in economy
- investment by companies in infrastructure/eductaion
- other local companies benefit from increased orders
- valuable exports revenues earned

DIS: - local workers paid poorly/conditions are poor
- mamagemnt job often go to FOREIGN employees
- most profit goes ABROAD

Question 7

what are Nigeria’s main exprots/imports?

Answer 7

exports : CRUDE OIL, PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS, RUBBER, COCA, COTTON
imports: petroleum, cars, phones, rice , wheat

Question 8

what are the 2 types of aid and the impacts of aid?

Answer 8

EMERGENCY AID : follows natural disaster
DEVELOPMENTAL AID: longterm support from charites etc
IMPACTS: - benefits those in poverty
- World Bank apporved a $500 mill to fund dvelopement ( dcereases dependency of country)
- AID from USA helps EDUCATION/protect against HIV
- Uk department for international development funded a health/HIV programme
- NGO nets for life provides education on MALARIA PREVENTION/gives anti mosquito nets

Question 9

factors increasing Q of L?

Answer 9

• better paid jobs
• access to safe water/sanitation
• better schooling, infrastructure, healthcare
• better diet
• reliable electricty

Question 10

how does economic growth (industrial/urban) affect the ENVIRONMENT?

Answer 10

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH:
- pollutants/chemical waste go in drains/ nearby land
- chimneys emit POISONOUS GAS
- 70-80% of Nigeria’s forest destroyed/desertfication

URBAN GROWTH has led to :
- squatter settlements
- waste disposal
- traffic congestion

MINING AND OIL EXTRACTION
- oils spills damage ecosystems/pollutes water
- shell has reported 1010 oil leaks since 2011

COMMERCIAL FARMING
- leads to land degradation/ desertification
- buildings of settlements and roads killed 500 species of plants

Question 11

CAUSES of economic change in UK?

Answer 11

DE-INDUSTRIALISATION:
-decline in secondary (manufacturing) industry /subsequent growth in TERTIARY /QUATERNARY employment because :
- machine/tech replace ppl in industry

GLOBALISATION:
- growth/spread of ideas around world (involves movement of ppl/culture/money)
- Markets have become deregulated and companies have to find ways to make a profit through change and innovation
- Service sector has grown and wages increased

GOVERNMENT POLICIES:
1945-79 - Created state run industries
1979-2000- state run industries were sold off to PRIVATE shareholders - PRIVATISATION- jobs lost
Uk derelict industrail areas transformed into FINANCIAL CENTRES

Question 12

WHAT IS A post industrial economy?

Answer 12

economy of many economically developed countries where most employment is now in service industires

Question 13

factors that helps move towards Post Industrial economy?

Answer 13

IT development:
- more businesses in IT / more employment
- internet enables ppl to work from home
- OVER 1.3 MILL work in IT

Service industries/finance:
- contributes 79% of UK economic output

Research :
- employs over 60,000 highly qulaified ppl/contributes £3 bill

Science park/Business Park:
group of scientific/tech knowledge based buisnesses on one site (Univeristy of Southhampton Science Park) - employ over 120,000 ppl

Question 14

benefits of science parks / why business park is located on edge of towns?

Answer 14

BENEFITS of science park:
- excellent link with uni
- source of graduate employees
- attractive location/excellent transport

located on edge of towns:
- land is cheaper
- more land available
- easy access to workers

Question 15

impacts of industry on environment?

Answer 15

• manufacturing plants look dull
• causes air/water pollution (transport/industry pollution)
• waste goes to landfill

Question 16

Torr Quarry, Somerset :
facts, envirnoment

Answer 16

facts: 1/8 limestone quarries on Mendlip Hills
- over 100 ppl employed at Torr Quarry
- contribues £15 mill to economy/ yr

environment: occupy 2.5km^2 /located 7km east of Shepton Mallet
- produces 8 mill tonnes per yr/ export 5mill tonnes
- nationally important for construction materials

Question 17

how is torr quarry becoming more environmentally sustainable?

Answer 17

• creating wildlife lakes
• 200 acres of land has been landscaped
• rail transport - less cars

Question 18

social/economic affects on area of POPULATION GROWTH : South Cambridgeshire

Answer 18

SOCIAL: - more traffic
- modern developments of villages leads to break of community spirit
- housing is not affordable –> migration

ECONOMIC:
- reduced agricultural employmnet , farmers sell land for housing
- lack of affordable housing
- high petrol prices
- poorer migrants put prssure on services/increase cost

Question 19

social/economic affects on area of POPULATION DECLINE : Outer Hebrides

Answer 19

population of 27400 ppl- decline of 50%, due to outward migration
SOCIAL: no. school students falls/schools closures
- fewer working age ppl
- less young ppl to help aggeing population

ECONOMIC:government provides SUBSIDIES to maintain services, but struggle to maintain economy
- more tousim, but not enough infrastructure to support it

Question 20

How are Roads improving in uk?

Answer 20

15 bill program - ROAD INVESTMENT STRATEGY’ ( increase capacity/condition of roads)
- new road schemes create CONSTRUCTION JOBS/ boost economy
Plans include :
- 100 new roads
- 1300 new lane miles on motorways / trunk roads TACKLE CONGESTION
- extra lanes - ‘ smart motorways’

e.g South west super highway :
Converts route to dual carriageway and adds more improvements to connecting routes - £2 bill road widening creating jobs

Question 21

How are railways improved in UK?

Answer 21

Economy grows if railway is improved :
- electrification of Trans Pennine Express Railway - REDUCE JOURNEY TIMES
- electrification of Midland mainline by 2023
HS2 - £50 bill plan for high speed rail line
- London cross rail :
Involves 32km of new twin bore tunnels under central London
- cost £14.8 bill
- improved journey times and carries 1500 passengers

Question 22

How are airports useful for economy ?

Answer 22

• create global links
• more jobs
  More than 750,000 international flights depart UK

Question 23

What is Liverpool2 and benefits of it?

Answer 23

• new container terminal at Port of Liverpool
• scheme constructs deep water quay on River Mersey of £300 mill
  Benefits :
• creates more jobs
• boost economy
• reduce traffic

Question 24

How are they expanding London airports?

Answer 24

Government wants
- new runway at Heathrow (18.6 bill)
- extend length of runway at Heathrow (13.5 bill)
- construct new runway at Gatwick (9.3 bill)

Question 25

Strategies to resolve regional difference on Uk?

Answer 25

• Local enterprise partnerships (LEPs): LEPs are voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses
• companies invest to boost the local economy and create jobs
  Example: Humber LEP
  By 2019 it had supported over 13,000 businesses and created nearly 6000 new jobs
• ‘NORTHERN POWERHOUSE’ strategy help balance wealth/influence- develops economies in north major cities
  e.g HS2 and Liverpool2
• Enterprise Zones (EZs):
  These areas encourage new businesses and jobs in areas with a low amount of pre-existing economic activity

Question 26

UK links with wider world?

Answer 26

TRADE - UK’s main trading partners are the EU (particularly Germany, France and the Netherlands)
CULTURE - Cultural links include art; fashion; music; television and film
- TV is one of the UK’s major creative industries worth £1.25 billion a year with programmes such as Dr Who; Downtown Abbey; Peppa Pig and Sherlock
TRANSPORT - Heathrow , channel tunnel , ferries , ports
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION- 99% internet traffic passes submarine high power cables with UK at centre of it

Question 27

How has EU effected uk?

Answer 27

• FINANCIAL SUPPORT for farmers - £18 mill support for farmers
• EUROPEAN STRUCTURAL INVESTMENT
• EU is biggest single market in world
• high unemployment/low wages in poor EU countries - lead to mass migration
• EU controls crime , pollution, consumer rights

Question 28

Importance of commonwealth to UK?

Answer 28

• secretariat help government become more SUSTAINABLE, INCLUSIVE AND HAVE EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT
• important trading , cultural links
• sporting connection - commonwealth games

Question 29

example of TNC in Nigeria - BENEFITS/DISADVANTAGES?

Answer 29

SHELL
BENEFITS: Gives 91% of its contracts to Nigerian companies
- major contributions to taxes and export revenue
- direct employment for 65,000 workers
- Supports the growth of Nigeria’s own energy sector

DISADVANTAGES: oil spills pollute waters/ decrease biodiveristy
- soil degradation, which has reduced agricultural production
- Oil theft and sabotage are big problems costing TNCs and the government billions

Question 30

how have trading relationship changed with wider world with nigeria ?

Answer 30

• used to be colonised so british empire controlled trade - gained independence in 1960s
• can now choose trading partners and only has $1.2 bn of trade with the UK but $15 bn with the USA and India combined.
• china and USA also are starting to invest