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Geography > Natural Hazards (P1- SEC A) > Flashcards

Natural Hazards (P1- SEC A) Flashcards

1
Q

Define hazard risk. (1)

A

The chance or probability of being effected by a natural event.

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2
Q

What are the factors that increase the hazard risk from natural hazards? (4)

A
  • climate change
  • poverty
  • urbanisation
  • farming
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3
Q

What is a natural hazard? (1)

A

A threat of a natural occurring event having a negative effect on humans.

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4
Q

A natural disaster happens…

A

when humans collide with natural hazards

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5
Q

What is the lithosphere? (1)

A

The crust and the upper-most part of mantle

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6
Q

Define an earthquake. (1)

A

a sudden, violent period of ground shaking

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7
Q

Define a volcano. (1)

A
  • large, often conical shaped landform that has formed over a longer period of time by a series of eruptions
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8
Q

Define a hotspot. (1)

A

where the crust is thin and magma is able to break through to the surface

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9
Q

What are the 3 main types of plate boundaries and explain what they mean. (6)

A

constructive - where plates move apart
destructive - where plate collide
conservative - where plate slide against each other

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10
Q

What are the crust types and what are they made of ?

A

Continental (under continents) - SI MA
Silica Magnesium
Oceanic (under oceans) - SI AL
Silica Aluminia

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11
Q

What tectonic hazards do destructive plate margins create and how? (4)

A

EARTHQUAKES - continental crust overlaps oceanic
- friction created/ sudden disengagement of plates
- causes earthquakes

VOLCANOS - continental overlaps oceanic
- oceanic crust sink bc its denser
- as oceanic crust melts (due to friction in subduction zone), becomes magma then rises ( Mid ocean Ridge)
MOUNTAINS - when crusts collide, earth’s crust crumples and forms fold mountains

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12
Q

What happens if a continental plate and a continental plate collide? (2)

A
  • land will fold
  • volcanise won’t be able to erupt (magma won’t be able to come out)
  • can be earthquakes and mountains formed
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13
Q

What tectonic hazards do constructive plate margins create? (2) Give an example of these hazards.

A

VOLCANOS- as plates move away from each other, magma rises in-between and cools to form a part of oceanic plate, but it can erupt above or below the surface e.g Japan’s volcanos/pacific ring of fire

EARTHQUAKES - sometimes the plate fractures as it moves causing earthquakes

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14
Q

What tectonic hazard is caused from conservative plate margins? (1) Give an example of these hazards.

A

EARTHQUAKES - friction created causes earthquakes
e.g. San Andrea’s Fault
California’s earthquakes

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15
Q

What is the ring of fire? (1)

A

The Ring of Fire is a region around much of the rim of the Pacific Ocean that has a lot of volcanic/seismic activity.

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16
Q

How are earthquakes measured?

A

The richter scale measures energy released from earthquake from measuring seismic waves.
The mercalli scale measures effect by observation - feel/see

17
Q

What is a prediction?

A

Using historical evidence and monitoring.
Scientists make predictions about when and where tectonic hazards may happen.

18
Q

What is monitoring?

A

Using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events.
e.g. changes in water pressure
minor tremors

19
Q

What is protection? And give examples. (2)

A

Actions taken before natural hazard to reduce impact.
- buildings with reinforced concrete columns strengthened by steel frames
- use earth embankments/explosives to divert lava flows away from property

20
Q

What is planning?

A

Actions taken by communities to respond to /recover from hazard

Identifying and avoiding places most at risk.
e.g. Maps to show location and effects of hazard/ DRILLS

21
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake?

A

location within earth where underground rock moves and sends out earthquake waves

22
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

location on surface directly above focus .

23
Q

What are seismic waves?

A

shock waves created at focus

24
Q

what is the mercalli scale ?

A

measures results of earthquakes like shaking and results you can see/feel

25
Q

what are aftershocks?

A

as rocks settle in new positions, they create smaller earthquakes

26
Q

What is subduction and the subduction zone?

A

When two plates collide and one sinks (the denser one), and becomes a part of the crust.
The zone is where this process happens.

27
Q

Location, Features, Primary and secondary effects of Chile earthquake. (8)

A

-coast of central Chile (Nazca plate and South American plate)
- 3 mins/ 8.8 richter scale - 27th feb 2010
- 35km below surface

PE - 500 people killed and 12000 injured
- cost at $30 billion
- much of Chile lost power and water supplies

SE - coastal towns caught in tsunami
- 1500km roads damages due to landslides

28
Q

Immediate responses and long term responses of Chile earthquake. (4)

A

PR-emergency services acted quickly (search/rescue)
- power/water restored to 90% homes within 10 days
- raised $60 million after national appeal - build 30,000 emergency shelters

LR- economy could be rebuilt without much international aid
- president announced it would take 4yrs to fully recover

29
Q

Location, Features, Primary and secondary effects of Nepal earthquake. (8)

A

North west Kathmandu ( destructive plate between indo- Australian plate and Eurasian)
25 April 2015 - 7.9 Richter scale
15km under surface

PE- 9000 died/2000 injured
- 1.4 mill needed food/water/shelter
- electricity/water supplies affected
- cost of damage $5bill

SE- caused avalanches/ladslides which blocked roads
- avalanches on Mt Everest killed 19 ppl

30
Q

Immediate responses and long term responses of Nepal earthquake. (4)

A

IR - search/rescue sent quickly
- international aid was quick
- field hospitals set up to support overcrowded hospitals

LR - roads repaired/ landslides cleared
- people rehoused/damages houses were repaired
- tourism boosted when heritage sites reopened

31
Q

Explain why earthquakes occur at plate margins.
3 Marks

A

1) convection currents in mantle move the crust
3) Plates collide
4) plates side against each other causing friction

32
Q

For monitoring /predicting earthquakes and volcanoes what do scientists use?

A

Seismometers - EARTHQUAKES
Gas concentrations - VOLCANOES

33
Q

explain why people may live in areas of high risk ?

A

Fertile soils: The ash and cooled lava contain many minerals which lead to high yields of crops
Tourism: Many people want to visit areas where there are active volcanoes, this increases the number of jobs available
Minerals and precious stones: These can be mined and sold providing work for local people
Geothermal energy: As the magma is closer to the surface the heat can be used to generate geothermal energy
Creating new land area: Once the lava and ash have cooled, new land areas are formed

Geography (13 decks)

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