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Biology Daisy > CB3 Genetics > Flashcards

CB3 Genetics Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Fertilisation

A

The process where two gametes fuse their dna together to produce a zygote

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

4 daughter cells made
Cell divides two times
Daughter cells made have 23 chromosomes (haploid)
Cells made are not genetically identical

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3
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Variation in population

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4
Q

Disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

Needs to find a mate

Animals who have small population would struggle to find a mate

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5
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Does not need to find a mate

A rapid reproductive cycle

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6
Q

Disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

No variation in population

- could all be wiped out by one disease

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7
Q

Differences between meiosis and mitosis - identical and varied

A

Mitosis - cells are genetically identical

Meiosis - cells are varied

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8
Q

Differences between meiosis and mitosis - daughter cells

A

Mitosis - 2 diploid

Meiosis - 4 haploid

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9
Q

Differences between meiosis and mitosis - which cells

A

Mitosis - all normal body cells

Meiosis - sperm and egg cells - gametes

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10
Q

Differences between meiosis and mitosis - what are they needed for?

A

Mitosis - growth and repair

Meiosis - sexual reproduction

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11
Q

Where is the genetic material found in cells?

A

The nucleus

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12
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular protein

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13
Q

Allele

A

A different version of the same gene

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14
Q

What are the complementary bass pairs?

A

Adenine - thymine

Guanine - cytosine

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15
Q

What is the shape of dna?

A

Two strands coiled together in the shape of a double helix

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16
Q

What are the complementary base pairs joined together by?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long lengths of tightly coiled up DNA. They are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

What is the backbone of dna made out of?

A

Sugar phosphate backbone

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19
Q

Phenotype

A

How your characteristics appear, your physical features

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20
Q

Homozygous

A

Two alleys which are the same

TT tt

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21
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two alleles that are different

Tt

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22
Q

DNA

A

The genetic material – a polymer made of sugar and

phosphate groups joined to bases.

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23
Q

Diploid

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A

Cells which contain the full normal number of chromosomes

– 46 in total.

24
Q

Haploid

Study These Flashcards
A

Cells which contain half the normal number of chromosomes

– 23 in total.

25
Zygote
A fertilised egg cell.
26
Mutation
A mistake in a gene caused by an error in the DNA.
27
Gamete
Sex cells – sperm and egg.
28
Genotype
The alleles you inherit from your parents e.g. Aa or GG.
29
Dominant and recessive alleles
Dominant alleles overrule recessive alleles, so if an organism has a one dominant and one recessive allele the dominant one will determine the characteristic
30
Mono hybrid inheritance
The inheritance of a single characteristic
31
What are the male and female alleles?
``` XY = Male XX= Female ```
32
Discontinuous / discrete data
Consists of specific values with nothing in between
33
Example of discontinuous data
Blood type , earlobes attached or not
34
Continuous data
Can have any value between two extremes
35
Example of continuous data
Height, weight and IQ
36
Normal distribution curve
When we plot a graph of continuous data we often get a particular shape - it shows that most people fall in the middle with fewer individuals at the extremes
37
Genetic variation
Caused by the DBA found in cells which is unique to each individual as a result of mutation or sexual reproduction
38
Environmental variation
Acquired characteristics are caused by the influences of the environment an individual is in
39
Haemoglobin
Allows red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body
40
Insulin
Picks up glucose in the blood and forces it either into cells for respiration or stores it in the liver on the form of glycogen
41
Mutation
A change in the sequence of bases in the genetic code
42
Aims of the human genome project
- To work out the order and sequence of the 3 billion base pairs in the human genome - to identify all the genes - to develop faster methods for sequencing dna
43
Benefits of the human genome
Improved genetic screening location of genes - might be linked to increased chances of disease New gene therapy tech New knowledge of how humans have evolved Personalised medicines
44
How are the two strands of dna linked together?
By a series of complementary base pairs joined together by weak hydrogen bonds
45
Genome
The entire dna of an organism
46
How do you extract dna from fruit? Method
Mash strawberries - put into beaker with detergent and salt-mix Filter the mixture to get the frith and insoluble bits of cell out Add ice cold alcohol to the filtered mixture The dna should start to come out of solution - not soluble in alcohol Fish it out with a glass rod
47
What does the detergent do when extracting the dna?
Breaks down the cell membranes to release the dna
48
What will the salt do when extracting the dna?
The salt will make the dna stick together
49
What will the dna look like when extracted?
White stringy precipitate -solid -
50
Dominant
Capital letter | They overrule recessive alleles
51
Recessive
Small letter | Both alleles must be recessive to show the recessive characteristic
52
Gamete
Sperm and egg | Contain only 23 chromosomes- haploid cells
53
Zygote
Fertilised egg - contains a full set of chromosomes 46- diploid
54
How is the sex off the offspring determined?
Female - XX | Male- XY
55
What is genetic variation caused by?
Organisms having different alleles which can lead to differences in phenotype Can also be caused by new alleles arising through mutations Sexual reproduction
56
Mutations effect
Don’t always have a big effects on the phenotype They can sometime alter an individuals characteristics Rarely a single mutation can have a large effect on phenotype

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