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CB2 Flashcards

1
Q

Uses of mitosis

A

Growth
Repair
Asexual reproduction

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2
Q

Cell cycle

A 
Interphase 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase
Telophase 
Cytokinesis
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3
Q

Mitosis

A 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase 
Cytokinesis
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4
Q

Interphase

A

New sub cellular structures made

- mitochondria and dna replicates

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5
Q

Prophase

A

Nucleus breaks down and spindle fibres begin to form

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6
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes and the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell

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7
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres shorten and pull the chromosomes apart to the bottom and top of the cell

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8
Q

Telophase

A

A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form two new nuclei

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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

New cell membranes form to separate two new cells

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10
Q

Mitosis - the division

A

Makes two genetically identical diploid daughter cells

Identical set of chromosomes with the parent cell

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11
Q

Stem cells

A

Cells that can turn into different types of cells - undifferentiated
They can divide to make more stem cells
Once they have differentiated they can’t change into another one

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12
Q

Embryonic cells

Benefits

A

Easy to remove
Pluripotent - treats a vast number of diseases
Can be cloned from patients cell - avoids rejection

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13
Q

Embryonic cell - drawbacks

A

Ethical issues - destroying embryos to get stem cells

Could lead to illegal cloning of humans

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14
Q

Risks of using embryonic stem cells

A

Risk of rejection- stem cells from another person

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15
Q

Adult stem cells benefits

A

No ethical issues

If taken from patient - no rejection

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16
Q

Drawbacks from adult stem cells

A

Multi-potent- treat limited range of diseases

Difficult to identify and remove

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17
Q

Risks of adult stem cells

A

Non patient cells - could be rejected

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18
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Process where cells become specialised for its job

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19
Q

Cell division

A

By mitosis

20
Q

Cell elongation

A

How the plant grows

Plant cells expand making the cell bigger

21
Q

Animals and cell stuff

A

All growth is through cell division

Cell differentiation - is lost at an early stage as they are used to repair and replace cells

22
Q

Plants and cell stuff

A

Elongation- grow continuously
Cells differentiate to develop new parts - leaves and roots
Cell division - happens in the roots and tip - meristems

23
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

Spinal cord and brain

24
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

Sense organs, nervous systems and nerves

25
Sensory neurone
Long dendron - carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to cell body Short axon- carries nerve impulses from cell body to CNS
26
Motor neurone
Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from CNS to cell body Long axon carries nerve impulses from cell body to effector cells
27
Relay neurone
Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from sensory neurones to cell body Axon carries nerve impulses from cell body to motor neurones
28
Myelin sheath - uses
Speeds up nerve impulses as it travels on dendron and axons
29
What are reflex reactions?
Fast and automatic responses that pass the brain | Help protect us from injury
30
The nerve system | Receptor to relay neurone
Receptors in sense organs detect a stimulus Electrical impulses are sent along the sensory neurone and reach the spinal cord Nerve impulses form sensory neurone cross the synapse and trigger new impulses in relay neurone
31
The nervous system | Relay neurone to motor neurone
Impulses travel along the relay neurone | Nerve impulses from the relay neurone crosses the synapse and causes new impulses in motor neurone
32
The nervous system | Spinal cord - response
Nerve impulses travel from the spinal cord to the effector along the motor neurones Nerve impulses reach the effector and causes a response
33
Nerve impulse through a reflex arc - eye to relay neurone
They eye detects a stimulus The sensory neurone sends a message to the spinal cord The nerve impulses from the sensory neurone cross the synapse and the trigger the relay neurone
34
Nerve impulse through a reflex arc | Synapse to response
The impulses are detected by the synapse which then cross the motor neurone It then travels to the effector which causes a response
35
Normal CNS
Slower response | Brain
36
Reflex CNS
Faster response Does not go to brain Relay neurone
37
Normal CNS and Reflex CNS
``` Effector Synapse Sensory and motor neurone Receptor cells Stimulus response ```
38
Cell division - bad effects
Cancer is a case of uncontrollable cell division The rate cells divide by mitosis is controlled by genes If there is a change in one of the genes that control cell division- cells may start dividing controllably This can result in a mass of abnormal cells - tumour If the tumour invades and destroys surrounding tissue- cancer
39
Percentile charts
Used to monitor a child’s growth | Overall pattern can highlight any problems
40
Meristems
The knot cells that divide by mitosis in plants are found in its tissue Found in tips, roots and shoots
41
What do meristems produce?
Unspecialised cells to form any cell They can divide and differentiation to make any cell Unspecialised cells can go on to form specialised tissues like xylem and phloem
42
Sensory receptors
Groups of cells that can detect a change in your environment - stimulus
43
Synapses
Connection between two neurones Nerve signal is transferred by chemicals - neurotransmitters Transmission of nervous impulses are very fast - slowed down by the diffusion of neurotransmitters
44
How do reflexes prevent an injury?
A bee stings your finger - stimulation of the pain receptor Impulses travel along the sensory neurone Impulses are passed along a relay neurone via a synapse Impulses travel along a motor neurone via a synapse When impulses reach muscle, it contracts
45
How do reflexes protect the eye?
Very bright light can damage the eye Light receptors - detect bright light and sends a message along the sensory neurone to the brain The message then travels along relay neurone to motor neurone - tells the circular muscle in the iris to contract

Biology Daisy (12 decks)

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