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CB7 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messages produced by endocrine glands and are directly released into the blood

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2
Q

Target organ

A

The tissue or organ that is affected by the hormone

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3
Q

How do hormones work?
Gland
Blood
Target organ

A

The gland makes the hormone
The hormone diffuses into the blood
The blood takes the hormone to the target organ

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4
Q

Affects of adrenalin
Heart cells
-heart rate
-blood pressure

A

Heart muscle cells contract
More rapidly = heart rate increases
More strongly = blood pressure increases

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5
Q

Affects of Adrenalin

Blood vessels

A

Blood vessels leading to muscles increase in diameter

Blood vessels leading to other organs decrease diameter

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6
Q

Affects of adrenalin

Liver cells

A

Cells change from glycogen to glucagon

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7
Q

Nerves vs hormones

Signals

A

Nerves - electrical

Hormones - chemical

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8
Q

Nerves vs hormones

Speed

A

Nerves - very fast

Hormones - slow

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9
Q

Nerves vs hormones
Acts of areas
How long for

A

Nerves - precise areas for a short times

Hormones - general area for a long time

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10
Q

Ovaries - glands

A

Makes oestrogen and progesterone. Controls female development during puberty

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11
Q

Testes- glands

A

Testosterone. Controls the Male development during puberty

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12
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Growth hormone

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13
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin and glucagon. Controls blood sugar levels

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14
Q

Adrenal

A

Adrenaline. Gets body ready for fight or flight mode

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15
Q

Thyroid - glands

A

Thyroxine - controls how quickly chemical reactions take place in your body.

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16
Q

IVF - art

A

Assisted reproductive technology

- a fertility treatment that involves eggs being handled outside of the body

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17
Q

Steps for IVF

A

Fertility drug takes to stimulate the maturation if the egg
Mature eggs are collected
The eggs are fertilised in the lab
Fertilised eggs develop into embryos
One or two embryos are inserted into the uterus

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18
Q

When is IVF used?

A

Blocked oviducts

Man produces few sperm

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19
Q

Advantages of IVF

A

Any unused can be used for research

First time for IVF is free on the nhs

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20
Q

Disadvantages of IVF

A

Only successful 26% of the time
If one person removed their consent - the egg has to be destroyed
Opportunity for multiple babies

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21
Q

Metabolic rate

A

The speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur

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22
Q

How does thyroxin affect the metabolic rate?

A

Regulates the metabolic rate
Causes heart cells to contract more
Causes carbohydrates and proteins to break down quickly

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23
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

When you have a low thyroxine and a low metabolic rate

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24
Q

Symptoms hyperthyroidism

A

Fatigue
Weight
Cold intolerance

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25
Hyperthyroidism
When there is too much thyroxine and the metabolic rate is too high
26
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
``` High heart rate Irritability Insomnia Weight loss Heat intolerance ```
27
High levels of thyroxine
Hypothalamus inhibited - stops production of TRH Lack of TRH - pituitary gland inhibited Lack of TSH - thyroid gland inhibited Thyroid blood levels decrease
28
Thyroxine levels too low
Hypothalamus stimulates - Releases TRH Stimulates the productions TSH in pituitary gland Stimulates the production of TSH in thyroid gland Thyroid levels increase
29
What is adrenaline?
Hormone that is released by the adrenal glands which prepares the body for fight or flight It does this by activating processes that increase the oxygen and glucose levels to the cells
30
What affect does adrenalin have on the heart?
Causes the heart muscle to contract more frequently and with more force Heart rate and blood pressure increase
31
What affect does adrenalin have in the blood vessels?
Cells receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration
32
What affect does adrenalin have on the liver?
Causes liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose
33
Glucose level too high
Pancreas - releases insulin Insulin travels to liver Liver converts glucose to glycogen Glucose levels decrease
34
Glucose levels too low
Pancreas release glucagon Glucagon travels to the liver Liver converts glycogen to glucose Glucose levels increase
35
Type 1 diabetes
Where the pancreas makes little or no insulin which means a persons blood glucose levels can rise
36
Type 1 diabetes - risks
Causes not known | People who have family history
37
Type 1 diabetes - symptoms
Appear suddenly and obviously - thirst - urination - tired
38
Type 1 diabetes- cause
Cells that make insulin in the pancreas are destroyed
39
Type 1 diabetes | Treatment
Insulin injections Healthy diet Exercise Regular blood sugar levels tests
40
Type 2 diabetes
Where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin which makes the blood glucose levels rise
41
Type 1 diabetes | Risks
Family history | Pregnant women
42
Type 2 diabetes | Symptoms
Develop slowly and they may not be noticed
43
Type 2 diabetes | Treatment
Tablet to increase insulin production | Regular blood sugar tests
44
Type 2 diabetes | Prevent
Diet | Physical activity
45
BMI | Obese
Over 30
46
Waist to hip ratio
Storing lots of fat around the abdomen area means an increase risk in diabetes 2 Waist width over hip width Men 1.0 or above = obese Women 0.85 or above = obese
47
Male condom
Barrier Place over the erect penis Prevents sperm from getting into vagina 98-82% effective
48
Diaphragm
Barrier Place over cervix, stops sperm from entering uterus 94-84% effective
49
Pill
Hormonal | Releases hormones to prevent ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to pass through
50
Implant
Hormonal Releases hormones that prevent ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to pass through 99-98% effective
51
Pros of hormonal methods
More effective at preventing pregnancies | Don’t have to remember before
52
Cons of hormonal methods
Headaches, acne, mood changes | Don’t prevent stds - condoms do
53
What is the clomifree therapy?
Causes FSH and LH to be released | Stimulates egg maturation and ovulation
54
``` What does the FSH do? Released Travels Egg Stimulates ```
Release by pituitary gland Travels in blood to ovaries Causes egg to mature Stimulates the release of oestrogen
55
What does Oestrogen do? Released FSH Stimulates
Released by ovaries Stops FSH being produced Stimulates pituitary gland to release LH
56
What does LH do? Released Travels Egg
Released by the pituitary gland Travels to the ovaries Causes the mature egg to be released
57
What does Progesterone do? Released Lining of uterus Eggs
Released by the corpus luteum after ovulation Thickens and maintains the lining of the uterus If egg is fertilised, levels stay high
58
What is the menstrual cycle?
The monthly sequence of events in which a female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus in case the egg is fertilised
59
What happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?
The lining of the uterus breaks down and is released
60
What happens from days 4-14 of the menstrual cycle?
The uterus lining is repaired, until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready for a fertilised egg to impact there.
61
What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
An egg develops and is released from the ovary
62
What happens on days 14-28 of the menstrual cycle?
The lining is maintained | If no egg is fertilised by day 28 then the lining breaks down again and the cycle starts again
63
How do you measure BMI?
Mass / height squared
64
Why do your conditions in your body need to be kept steady?
Cells need the right functions in order to function properly Right conditions for enzyme activity
65
Blood glucose regulation
You need to make sure the amount of glucose in your blood doesn’t get too high or too low
66
Osmoregulation - regulating water content
You need to keep a balance between the water you gain - from drink, food and respiration - and the water you pee, sweat or breath out
67
Thermoregulation - regulating body temperature
You need to reduce your body temperature when you are hot, but increase it when the environment is cold

Biology Daisy (12 decks)

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