CC Flashcards by mt corner

the only hypoglycemic hormone

insulin

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hyperglycemic hormones

GAGCHETS

Glucagon
ACTH
GH
Cortisol
Human Placental Lactogen
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Thyroxine
Somatostatin

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glucose to FA

Lipgenesis

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glucose to glycogen from storage

glycogenesis

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breakdown of glycogen to G6PO4

Glycogenolysis

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Hypoglycemia of infancy and childhood

galactosemia
GSD
Reye’s syndrome

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Glycogen stores are used up in about ______ hrs

24-48

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Decomposition of fat

Lipolysis

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Hyperglycemia (level)

> /= 126 mg/dL

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brittle diabates

Type 1

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Stable diabetes

Type 2

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DM assoc. with B cell destruction

Type 1

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DM assoc. with insulin resistance

Type 2

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C-peptide undetectable

Type 1

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C-peptide detectable

Type 2

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Normal ratio of C-peptide:insulin

5:1-15:1

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BMI:

Obese

> /= 30 kg/m^2

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BMI

Overweight

25-29 kg/m^2

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BMI

Underweight

<18.5 kg/m^2

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the brain can use ketones as a source of energy through what cycle?

TCA

Tricarboxylic acid

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3 types of ketone bodies

B hydroxybutyrate
Acetoacetic acid
Acetone

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parent ketone

Acetoacetic acid

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Major ketone

B hydroxybutyrate

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% of parent ketone

20%

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% of major ketone

78%

% of least ketont

Ratio of B-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate in severe D:M

6:1

Methods to detect ketones

Gerhardt's ferric chloride test Nitroprusside test Acetest

test for ketone bodies which react only with acetoacetate

Gerhardt's Ferric chloride test

DM associated to HLA DR3 and DR4

Type 1

Interferences in ketone body tests that can cause false (+)

ACE inhibitor Other sulfhydryl medications

Vitamin C interference in ketone body tests

False (-)

DM electrolyte imbalance Na, K

Low Na Increased K

Diabetic nephropathy is also termed as

Kimmel Stiel Wilson

Sodium fluoride preserves glucose up to how many days

glucose oxidase method measures the

B-D Glucose

most specific method for glucose measurement

hexokinase

measures the rate of O2 consumption which is equal to glucose conc.

Polarographic glucose oxidase

Enzymes involved in glucose oxidase method

glucose oxidase peroxidase

enzymes involved in hexokinase method

hexokinase G6PD

2 type of chemical methods for glucose measurement

alkaline copper reduction condensation

reagent in Folin Wu method

phosphomolybdate

rgt in Nelson Somogyi

arsenomolybdate

reduction of cupric with glucose (2,9-dimethyl-1-10 phenanthroline hydrochloride)

Neocuproine method

Dubowski method rgt (ortho-Toluidine)

glacial acetic acid

Modification of Folin Wu

Benedict's

Stabilzing agents for condensation method for glucose measurement

citrate tartrate

HbA1c reference range

4-6%

HbA1c effective treatment range

<7%

Hemolytic disease can cause falsely ________ HbA1c

low

glycated albumin is also known as

fructosamine

Fructosamine is used to measure glucose control for how long?

3-6 weeks

Liver disease can cause falsely _____ Albumin

low

lab test for glucose homeostasis

FBS

Normal FBS

<100 mg/dL

Impaired plasma glucose

100-125 mg/dL

Diabetes - FBS

>/= 126 mg/dL

Diagnosis criteria for DM

RBS and 2 hr post glucose load = >/= 200 mg/dL FBS >/= 126 mg/dL

If a mother is not found to have GDM during initial screening. she must be retested at ______ weeks of gestation

24-28

Screening test for GDM

1 hr GCT

Confirmatory test for GDM

OGTT 100g or 75 g (WHO) glucose load

glucose load in 1 hr GCT

50 g

Positive screening test for GDM

>/= 140 mg/dL

GDM is diagnosed if ____ plasma values are above normal level

2 methods of GTT

Intravenous Oral

Methods of OGTT

Janney-Isaac Exton Rose

OGTT - single dose

Janney-Isaac

OGTT - divided dose

Exton Rose

CSF glucose is collected ____ hr after blood glucose

CSF glucose is approx. ____% of plasma concentration

most important carb to be tested in newborn

Galactose

Diagnostic test for Galactose-1-phosphate UT

Erythrocyte galactose-1-PO4 uridyl transferase activity

fructokinase catalyzed the conversion of fructose to fructose 1 phosphate

Essential fructosuria

2 methods to test essential fructosuria

Seliwanoff Bial's

Fructose test utilizing resorcinol in diluted HCl

Seliwanoff

color rxn of Seliwanoff test

cherry red/red-orange

color rxn of Bial's test

red

diagnostic test for essential fructosuria:

presence of fructose in urine

GSD muscle forms

2,5,7

GSD hepatic forms

1,3,4,6,11

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