CC Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
Microhematocrit:
A
10,000 g for 5 minutes
2
Q
Standing plasma test:
A
creamy layer (chylomicrons); turbid(VLDL)
3
Q
neuromotor irritability accompanied by muscular twitching and eventual convulsions; generally due to low calcium levels (hypocalcemia)
A
TETANY
4
Q
Nanometer is also
A
millimicron
5
Q
Most important androgen in terms of potency and amount is
A
testosteronen (Marshall)
6
Q
Conn syndrome:
A
primary aldosteronism
7
Q
: male-pattern hair growth in women; most common cause is PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome, Marshall)
A
Hirsutism
8
Q
• Decreased testosterone
• Increased LH and FSH
A
Primary male hypogonadism
9
Q
Decreased testosterone
Decreased LH and FSH
A
Secondary male hypogonadism
10
Q
early morning before the patient has eaten or become physically active. This is a good time to draw blood specimens because the is at rest and food has not been ingested during the night.
A
BASAL STATE
11
Q
: substance than can yield a hydrogen ion or hydronium ion when dissolved in water
A
ACID
12
Q
substance than can yield hydroxyl ions (OH-)
A
BASE
13
Q
properties of osmotic pressure, freezing point, boiling point and vapor pressure
A
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
14
Q
. compare accuracy, mean (TAM)
A
t-test
15
Q
compare precision, SD (SPF)
A
f-test
16
Q
1:2SD, 1:3SD, R:4S (ODD NUMBERS)
A
Random error
17
Q
2:2SD, 4:1SD, 10:x (EVEN NUMBERS)
A
Systematic error
18
Q
: reaction rate is dependent on enzyme concentration only
A
ZERO-ORDER KINETICS
19
Q
thickening or hardening of the walls of arteries
A
Arteriosclerosis
20
Q
accumulation of lipid in the veins and arteries
A
Atherosclerosis
21
Q
: elevated urea in blood (Turgeon: urea and creatinine)
A
Azotemia
22
Q
: deficiency of adrenocortical hormones
A
Addison’s disease
23
Q
: aldosterone secreting adrenal adenoma
A
Conn’s syndrome
24
Q
: excessive production of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
A
Cushing’s syndrome
25
: tumors of the adrenal medulla or symphatetic ganglia that produce and release large quantities of catecholamines
Phaeochromocytoma
26
: cessation of menstruation
Amenorrhea
27
Greek work YELLOW; irreversible scarring process by which normal liver architecture is transformed into abnormal nodular architecture
Cirrhosis
28
hereditary disorder in which there is DECREASED BILIRUBIN TRANSPORT into the hepatocytes.
Gilbert’s syndrome
29
hereditary DEFICIENCY of the UDPG-TRANSFERASE ENZYME
Crigler-Najjar syndrome:
30
is associated with increased plasma conjugated bilirubin, inborn error of metabolism
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
31
possibly of viral origin, where there is also a block in the excretion of conjugated bilirubin but without liver pigmentation
Rotor syndrome
32
is bilirubin but defect a of copper transport from the liver resulting in overload of copper in liver and brain
Wilson’s disease
33
is an X-linked recessive disorder in which defective transport of copper from mucosal cells results in copper deficiency
Menkes disease
34
chronic autoimmune thyroiditis; it is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
35
diffuse toxic goiter
Graves’ disease
36
: chronic protein deficiency under conditions of adequate non–protein calorie intake, which leads to marked hypoalbuminemia; may result from the net loss of albumin from both the intravascular and extravascular pools
Kwashiorkor
37
: a deficiency of calories with adequate protein status. In this condition; the serum albumin level remains normal despite considerable loss of body weight
Marasmus
38
cells of the testicles that produce testosterone
Leydig cells
39
: basic pipet
GLASS PIPET
40
for glucose testing and for other assays are used frequently in many health care facilities for bedside testing, or point-ofcare testing (POCT)
CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLES
41
hormone produced by the hypothalamus to regulate water reabsorption in the COLLECTING DUCT
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
42
regulates flow of blood to and within the kidneys by responding to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
43
: abrupt change in the mean of a series of results
SHIFT
44
: gradual change in one direction of the mean of a control substance
TREND
45
: institutional policy to provide customer satisfaction
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
46
program that focuses on satisfaction and expectations institutional customer
CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT (CQI):
47
light scattered at an angle of less than 90 degrees, which indicates the SIZE OF A CELL
FORWARD angle light scatter
48
: light scattered at 90 degrees in a flow cytometer that indicates the GRANULARITY OF A CELL
SIDE ANGLE, right angle light scatter
49
measures TOTAL IgE
RADIOIMMUNOSORBENT TEST (RIST):
50
measures ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC IgE
RADIOALLERGOSORBENT TEST (RAST):
51
DRIVING FORCE of the bicarbonate buffer system is
CARBON DIOXIDE.
52
time from ordering a test through analysis in the laboratory to the charting of the report.
TURNAROUND TIME (TAT)
53
should be labeled with a description of their particular hazard, such as POISONOUS, CORROSIVE OR CARCINOGENIC.
Hazardous chemicals
54
Information contained in the ________________includes the following: and physical chemical characteristics, fire and explosion potential, reactivity potential, health hazards and methods for safe handling.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
55
In pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 96% of tumors with CA 19-9 levels ________ are considered UNRESECTABLE (cannot be removed completely through surgery)
>1,000 U/mL
56
: individual facility COMPARE ITS RESULTS WITH THOSE OF ITS PEERS
BENCHMARKING
57
_________average value
________most frequently occurring value
_________middle value within range
MEAN
MODE
MEDIAN
58
CONSTANT systematic error
y - intercept
59
PROPORTIONAL systematic error -
PRO siya mag SLOPE
SLOPE
60
Blood should NEVER be drawn from a vein in an arm with a __________ (temporary dialysis access device) or ________ (a permanent surgical fusion of a vein and an artery).
CANNULA; FISTULA
61
Glassware CLEANING SOLUTION:
ACID DICHROMATE
62
Lamp used in AAS
HOLLOW CATHODE LAMP
63
Gaussian (normal) distribution:
Mean = median = mode
64
Material with physical and chemical properties closely resembling the test specimen and containing preanalyzed concentrations of the substances being measured:
CONTROL
65
Material of known composition available in a highly purified form:
STANDARD
66
Sodium FLAME
YELLOW
67
Lithium produces a flame
Red
68
Potassium a flame
Violet
69
Rubidium a flame
Red
70
Magnesium a flame
blue
71
Reliable index of intestinal carbohydrate absorption:
D-XYLOSE
72
Condensation of glucose with aromatic amine in hot glacial acetic acid solution to produce a green-colored product:
O-TOLUIDINE
73
REFERENCE METHOD for glucose:
HEXOKINASE
74
Split in the albumin band:
BISALBUMINEMIA
75
Compound normally found in urine that may be used to assess the completeness of a 24-hour urine collection:
CREATININE
76
Myocardial infarction:
CK then AST then LD
77
Specimen of choice for analysis of acid-base disturbances:
ARTERIAL BLOOD
78
Anticoagulant of choice for blood gas analysis:
HEPARIN
79
Symptom of HYPOCALCEMIA:
TETANY
80
Calcium and phosphate metabolism is regulated by the:
PARATHYROID
81
In the blood, bicarbonate leaves the RBCs and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with:
CHLORIDE
82
Major mineralocorticoid
ALDOSTERONE
83
Adrenal medulla secretes this hormone in the greatest quantity:
EPINEPHRINE
84
Hollander insulin test is used to confirm:
VAGOTOMY
85
Most potent estrogen:
ESTRADIOL
86
Assay to monitor the fetoplacental unit:
ESTRIOL
87
Hormone associated with galactorrhea, pituitary adenoma and amenorrhea:
PROLACTIN
88
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is characterized by elevation of:
GASTRIN
89
PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM caused by adrenal hyperplasia
Conn’s disease:
90
Pharmacological parameters that determine serum drug concentration:
liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (LADME)
91
Route associated of drug with administration 100% bioavailability:
INTRAVENOUS
92
TRINDER REACTION:
SALICYLATE
93
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is particularly toxic to the
LIVER3
94
Increased trough levels of ______________ in the serum are often associated with toxic effects to the KIDNEY
NEPHROTOXIC (toxic to KIDNEYS) and OTOTOXIC (EARS)
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
95
Specimen appropriate for determining exposure to lead:
WHOLE BLOOD
96
HEROIN is synthesized from
MORPHINE
97
is the principal active component of MARIJUANA
TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC)
98
ODOR OF BITTER ALMONDS:
CYANIDE POISONING
99
Garlic on breath, metallic taste on mouth. HAS HIGH AFFINITY TO KERATIN. Analysis of urine, hair, and nails, using ion emission spectroscopy, is important for the diagnosis of chronic (Henry).
ARSENIC poisoning
100
Iron conversion factor from conventional to SI (µmol/L):
0.179
101
Bilirubin conversion factor from conventional to SI (µmol/L):
C ----> SI (x)
17.1
102
Thyroxine conversion factor to SI
12.9
103
Thyroxine conversion factor to SI 619. (µg/dl to nmol/L):
12.9
104
Specimen collection & processing:
Pre-analytical QA
105
Long-term accuracy of analytical methods:
External QC
106
One control value exceeds +2s and another exceeds -2s:
R4s
107
2 consecutive ctrl values exceed the same mean +2s or -2s:
2:2s
108
Used to determine whether there is statistically significant difference between the SD of 2 groups of data:
f-test
109
Used to determine whether there is statistically significant difference between the means of 2 groups of data:
t-test
110
Sample of known quantity with several analytes.:
Control
111
Anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass:
Heparin
112
Basal state collection:
Early morning blood collection
113
Uses 2 monochromators, affected by quenching:
Fluorometry
114
Uses 2 photodetectors, for the sample beam and reference beam:
Double –beam in space
115
Obsolete blood glucose methodologies:
Folin-Wu
Nelson Somogyi
116
Chemical method for glucose, still widely used:
Ortho-toluidine condensation method
117
Test for chylomicrons, creamy layer on top:
Standing plasma test
118
Apolipoprotein component of VLDL:
Apo-B100
119
Transports component of exogenous triglycerides:
Chylomicrons
120
Highest cholesterol content:
LDL
121
One step method for cholesterol determination:
"LieberChol" (libre kol) one lang
Liebermann - Burchardt
122
Used in enzymatic method determinationof cholesterol
Cholesterol esterase:
123
CV of HDLc (NCEP Guidelines for Acceptable Measurement Error):
≤ 4%
124
Assay for Uric acid that uses mercury arc vapor lamp:
Enzymatic: UV
125
Greater specificity and more expensive BUN assay :
Enzymatic: ammonia formation
126
Simple, Nonspecific test for Creatinine determination :
Colorimetric: end point
127
Categories of Azotemia:
Pre-renal, Renal, Post-renal
128
Test used to assess the ability to conjugate bilirubin and secrete bile:
SERUM BILIRUBIN LEVELS
129
Gamma spike/ Monoclonal gammopathy:
Multiple myeloma
130
Beta-gamma bridging:
Hepatic cirrhosis
131
Reaction rate is directly proportional to substrate concentration:
First-order kinetics
132
Enzyme specific for both pancreas and salivary glands:
Amylase
133
Clinically significant if decreased:
Cholinesterase
134
Substrate used in Bowers-McComb method for ALP activity measurement:
p-nitrophenylphosphate
135
Chief counterion of sodium:
Chloride
136
Chloride and Bicarbonate relationship:
Reciprocal
137
Confirmatory test for Acromegaly:
Glucose suppression test
138
Increased in Hypothyroidism (primary):
TSH
139
T3 uptake levels in Hypothyroidism :
Decreased
140
Requires whole blood EDTA sample:
Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus test
141
Method of choice for measuring antidepressants:
HPLC
142
Gold standard for drug testing:
GCMS
143
Inhibits acetylcholinesterase:
Organophosphates & Carbamates
144
Dissociable substance that yields hydrogen ions:
Acid
145
Dissociable substance that yields hydroxyl ions:
Base
146
Dissociable substance that accepts hydrogen ions:
Base
147
Dissociable substance that accepts hydroxyl ions:
Acid
148
Comparing patient’s results with previous results:
Delta check
149
is most often performed by nurses, perfusionists (who operate heartlung machine during open heart surgery), respiratory therapists and physician themselves
POCT
150
RERENCE METHOD FOR CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDES:
GC-MS
• CHOLESTEROL: Abell-Kendall--------> GC-MS
• TRIGLYCERIDE: Modification of van Handel and Zilversmit--------> GC-MS
151
used to involve hexane extraction and Liebermann-Burchard color reagent, followed by hydrolysis with alcoholic KOH. Recently, the reference method has shifted to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), which specifically measures cholesterol without detecting related sterols.
Cholesterol measurement
152
the CDC has recently switched to a GC–MS method that involves the hydrolysis of fatty acids on triglycerides and the measurement of glycerol.
TRIGLYCERIDE MEASUREMENT
153
Anaerobic and require ICE slurry (immediate cooling):
Lactic acid: Increases due to ongoing metabolism.
Ammonia: Levels rise due to cellular breakdown.
Blood gas: pH and pO₂ decrease.
Ionized calcium (iCa²⁺): Levels drop in heparinized whole blood.
154
evaluates hypoglycemia and continuous assessment of beta cell function
C-Peptide test
When the body makes insulin, it also makes C-peptide in equal amounts. By measuring both insulin and C-peptide, doctors can tell if the insulin is coming from the body or from an outside source (like insulin injections). If insulin is high and C-peptide is low, it means the insulin is likely from an injection. If both insulin and C-peptide are low, it means the body isn’t making enough insulin.
155
Insulinoma, type 2 DM, ingestion of hypoglycemic drugs
Increased C-peptide
156
Decreased C-peptide:
Type 1 DM
157
Colorimetric method for Triglycerides
"ang TRIc ni VAN kay ZILVER"
van Handel and Zilversmith
158
CDC reference method for TAG:
Modified van Handle and Zilversmith --------> GC-MS
159
Fluorometric method for Triglycerides:
"TriFluorHan"
Hantzch condensation
160
Largest and least dense:
CHYLOMICRONS
161
Smallest but the most dense:
HDL
162
Found in obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency:
Lipoprotein X
163
Floating beta lipoprotein:
β-VLDL
164
Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein:
Lp (a)
165
Triglycerides, LDLc: FASTING
12 to 14 hours
166
Formula for LDLc:
Total cholesterol – HDL – VLDL
167
Friedewald VLDLc (mmol/L):
Triglycerides/2.175
168
De Long VLDLc (mmol/L):
Triglycerides/2.825
169
Friedewald (mg/dL):
Triglycerides/5
170
De Long (mg/dL):
Triglycerides/6.5
171
ONE-STEP direct method for cholesterol:
Liebre kol
LIEBERMANN-BURCHARDT (L-B)
172
One-step method for cholesterol: Colorimetry
Pearson, Stern and MacGavack)
173
Two-step method for cholesterol:
C + Extraction (Bloors)
174
Three-step method for cholesterol:
C+ E + Saponification (AbellKendall)
175
Four-step method for cholesterol:
C + E + S + Precipitation (Schoenheimer, Sperry, Parekh and Jung)
176
HDL is abnormal and significantly reduced
TANGIER’S DISEASE
177
A blood alcohol level in the range of _______ has been established as the statutory limit for operation of a motor vehicle in the United States.
80 mg/dL
178
: measurement of pH and pCO2
Potentiometry
179
: measurement of pO2
Amperometry
180
High affinity to keratin:
ARSENIC
181
Visible region:
400 to 700 nm
182
UV region
<400 nm
183
Infrared region
> 700 nm
184
Cholesterol, acceptable CV
Chol3
≤ 3%
185
Triglyceride, acceptable CV
≤ 5%
186
HDLc, LDLc acceptable CV
≤ 4%
187
OBESE BMI [ASIAPACIFIC 25]
≥ 30 kg/sq.m.
188
BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/sq.m.
Overweight
189
BMI < 18.5 kg/sq.m.
Underweight
190
STAT for the Latin word statim meaning immediately. Tests that fall into this category include:
Glucose in diabetic ketoacidosis
Some drug levels such as theophylline
Amylase in suspected pancreatitis
CK in suspected MI
Hematocrit
Blood gases
Potassium
191
: list of analytes that truly do have the potential to be lethal if unchecked for a short period.
CRITICAL VALUES or PANIC VALUES
192
is the specimen of choice for the determination of circulating concentrations of most drugs. THERAPEUTIC DRUGS
SERUM or PLASMA
