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CC - LIPIDS Flashcards

1
Q

are large molecules made up of elements – C, H, O

A

Fats or Lipids

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2
Q

Fats or Lipids are large molecules made up of elements – _, _, _

A

C, H, O

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3
Q

Fats/Lipids Hydrogen to Oxygen ratio is higher than __

A

2:1

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4
Q

Due to such a _________, ____ contains more energy storing carbon hydrogen bonds than _________

A

molecular arrangement ; fat ; carbohydrate

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5
Q

_____ are non-polar, insoluble molecules, So they are perfect _______ .

A

Fats ; storage molecules

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6
Q

Thus our body converts all the excess ______ taken through’ diet into ____.

A

sugar ; fat

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7
Q

Oils and fats are made up of more than one component.

A
  1. Glycerol
  2. Fatty acids
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8
Q

_____ is a 3 carbon molecule each with a hydroxyl group (-OH).

A

Glycerol

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9
Q

forms the backbone of fat molecule.

A

3 carbon molecule

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10
Q

Fatty acids are long chains with only _____ and ______ in a chain and at the end there will be another group, _______

A

carbon ; hydrogen ; carboxyl group ( -COOH)

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11
Q

Roles of Lipids

A
  • Source of energy
  • Integral part of cellular membranes that assist in cell structure
  • Converted to hormones or hormone precursors
  • Insulators for nerve conduction and heat retention
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12
Q

Classification of Lipids

A

Simple
Compound

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13
Q

FA’s esterified with glycerol

A

Simple Lipids

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14
Q

same as simple, but with other compounds also attached

A

Compound Lipids

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15
Q

fats containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen (lecithin)

A

Phospholipids

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16
Q

FA’s compounded with CHO, but no N

A

Glycolipids

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17
Q

substances from the above (simple and compound) derived by hydrolysis

A

Derived Lipids

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18
Q

large molecular wt. alcohols found in nature and combined w/ FA’s (e.g.cholesterol)

A

Sterols

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19
Q

the _____ of a lipid have no double bonds between carbons in chains they are tightly packed (like building a wall with bricks)

A

SFA’s - saturated fatty acid

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20
Q

stearic melts at ____ clog arteries as ______

A

70oC ; atherosclerosis

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21
Q

more than one double bond in the chain because of double bonds PUFA do not pack well.

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

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22
Q

most common polyunsaturated fats are _____, _____ and _______.

A

oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid

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23
Q

oleic melts at ____

A

26oC

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24
Q

unsaturated fats have lower ______, ______ objects

A

melting points ; irregular-shaped

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25
Q

Linear chain of C-H bonds

A

Fatty Acids

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26
Q

Fatty acids terminate with a ______ group

A

carboxyl

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27
Q

Fatty acid is an integral part of _________

A

triglycerides/phospholipids

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28
Q

Body makes most ______ and _______ store large amounts of energy

A

fatty acids ; fatty acids

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29
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

linolenic and linoleic acid

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30
Q

Fatty acid is Acquired by ____

A

diet

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31
Q

Composed of 3 fatty acid molecules, which includes glycerol

A

Triglycerides

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32
Q

Triglycerides is ______ = water insoluble

A

Hydrophobic

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33
Q

Triglycerides comprises _____ of fat stored in tissue

A

95%

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34
Q

Come from the diet - Plant or animal sources

A

Exogenous

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35
Q

Synthesized by the body

A

Endogenous

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36
Q

Composed of 2 fatty acid molecules

A

Phospholipids

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37
Q

Phospholipids is ______ meaning has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

A

Amphipathic

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38
Q

Phospholipids is found on surfaces of _______.

A

lipid layers

39
Q

Phospholipids is synthesized in the ______

A

liver

40
Q

Synthesized in animals, plants, our bodies

A

Cholesterol

41
Q

Functions of Cholesterol

A
  • Promotes fat absorption in intestine via bile acids
  • Produces some hormones
  • Transforms Vitamin D in the skin
  • Component of cell membranes (Amphipathic)
42
Q

Originates in animal products

A

Exogenous

43
Q

Exogenous is also absorbed via _____ secretions, _____ secretions, and turnover of __________

A

biliary ; intestinal ; intestinal mucosal cells

44
Q

Produced in the liver and intestine from acetyl-CoA

A

Endogenous

45
Q

General Structure of Lipoproteins

A
  • Size of the molecule correlates with lipid content
  • Composed of both lipids and proteins
  • Outer layer of proteins called the apolipoprotein
46
Q

Size of the molecule correlates with ______ content

A

lipid

47
Q

Lipoprotein is composed of both _____ and _______

A

lipids ; proteins

48
Q

In lipoprotein, outer layer of proteins called the ________

A

apolipoprotein

49
Q

Five categories of Lipoprotein

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDL
  3. IDL
  4. LDL
  5. HDL
50
Q

Largest and least dense of the lipoproteins

A

Chylomicron

51
Q

Lipid-rich transport vessel that carries triglyceride in circulatory system to cells

A

Chylomicron

52
Q

Chylomicron is observed as a _____ layer in a samle

A

creamy

53
Q

very low density lipoproteins

A

VLDL

54
Q

Carry triglycerides to cells for energy use and storage

A

VLDL

55
Q

VLDL is ____ made

A

liver

56
Q

VLDL specimen appears ______ in fasting samples

A

turbid

57
Q

High density lipoproteins

A

HDL

58
Q

Gather excess cholesterol and return them to liver

A

HDL

59
Q

HDL is made in _____ and ______

A

liver and intestine

60
Q

Low-density lipoproteins

A

LDL

61
Q

Deliver cholesterol to peripheral cells and liver following triglyceride removal

A

LDL

62
Q

Function of Apolipoproteins

A
  • Maintain structural integrity
  • Binding site for cell receptors
  • Activator/Inhibitor of various enzymes
63
Q

TYPES OF APOLIPOPROTEINS

A

APO A-I
APO B
APO C
APO E

64
Q

Major protein on HDL

A

APO A-I

65
Q

Principal protein LDL, VLDL and chylomicrons

A

APO B

66
Q

APO B TWO FORMS

A

B-100 AND B-48

67
Q

Activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to break down triglycerides

A

APO C

68
Q

Promotes binding of LDL, VLDL

A

APO E

69
Q

Three pathways

A
  • lipid absorption
  • exogenous
  • endogenous
70
Q

3 pathways depend on ______ lipoprotein particles

A

apo-B

71
Q

3 pathways transport _______ and ________ to peripheral cells

A

dietary lipids ; hepatic-derived lipids

72
Q

3 pathways critical transport mechanism of _____ to peripheral cells

A

fatty acids

73
Q

the fourth pathway

A

Reverse cholesterol transport
Maintains cholesterol equilibrium

74
Q

enzymes involved in digestion of lipids

A

Lingual Lipase
Pancreatic Lipase
Colipase
Lipid Esterase
Phospholipases

75
Q

provides a stable interface with aqueous environment of stomach

A

Lingual Lipase

76
Q

major enzyme affecting triglyceride hydrolysis

A

Pancreatic Lipase

77
Q

protein anchoring lipase to the lipid

A

Colipase

78
Q

secreted by pancreas, acts on cholestrol esters, activated by bile

A

Lipid Esterase

79
Q

cleave phospholipids, activated by trypsin

A

Phospholipases

80
Q

they form the spherical structures (micelles) assisting in absorption

A

bile

81
Q

hydrophobic portion (______) are located to the inside of the micelle, with _______ (hydrophillic portion) to the outside

A

tails of FA ; heads

82
Q

Biles move lipids from the ________ to the _______

A

intestinal lumen ; cell surface

83
Q

in bile, absorption is by ______ (complete for FA and monoglycerides, less for others)

A

diffusion

84
Q

short chain FA’s are absorbed and enter the portal ____ to the _____

A

vein ; liver

85
Q

those FA’s with more than 10 carbons are resynthesized by the ____ to _______

A

liver ; triglycerides

86
Q

they (FA’s) are then converted into ______ and pass to the _____

A

chylomicrons ; lymphatic system

87
Q

some FA’s entering the liver are ______ for energy, others ______

A

oxidized ; stored

88
Q

blood lipids:

A

45% P-lipids
35% triglycerides
15% cholestrol esters
5% free FA’s

89
Q

During digestion, ______ cuts off fatty acids and converts dietary lipids to compounds with _______ properties

A

pancreatic lipase ; amphipathic

90
Q

_______, ________ and ________ are also transformed to amphipathic lipids

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol esters

91
Q

These lipids form aggregates with bile acids in the intestine-called _______

A

micelles

92
Q

Absorption occurs when ______ contact membranes of the _______ cells

A

micelles ; intestinal mucosal

93
Q

Short chain fatty acids, enter circulation, picked up by ______, taken to ______

A

albumin ; liver

94
Q

Long chain fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides Re-esterified in intestinal cells to form ______ and _______

A

triglycerides ; cholestyl esters

mt (54 decks)

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